Editing Stimulus modality (section)

==Taste modality==

===Description===

==== Taste modality in mammals ====
In mammals, taste stimuli are encountered by axonless receptor cells located in [[taste bud]]s on the tongue and
[[pharynx]]. Receptor cells disseminate onto different [[neuron]]s and convey the message of a particular taste in a single medullar nucleus. This [[pheromone]] detection system deals with taste stimuli.  The pheromone detection system is distinct from the normal taste system, and is designed like the [[olfactory system]].<ref name = "stocker">{{cite journal|last=Stocker|first=Reinhard F|title=Taste Perception: Drosophila – A Model of Good Taste|journal=Current Biology|date=1 July 2004|volume=14|issue=14|pages=R560–R561|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2004.07.011|pmid=15268874|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== Taste modality in flies and mammals ====
In insect and mammalian taste, receptor cells changes into attractive or aversive stimulus.  The number of taste receptors in a mammalian [[tongue]] and on the tongue of the fly ([[Labellum (insect anatomy)|labellum]]) is same in amount.  Most of the receptors are dedicated to detect repulsive [[ligand]].<ref name = "stocker"/>

=== Perception ===
Perceptions of taste is generated by the following sensory afferents: [[gustatory]], [[olfactory]], and [[somatosensory system|somatosensory]] fibers.  Taste perception is created by combining multiple sensory inputs. Different modalities help determine perception of taste especially when attention is drawn to particular sensory characteristics which is different from taste.<ref name = "small">{{cite journal|last=Small|first=Dana M.|author2=Prescott, John |title=Odor/taste integration and the perception of flavor|journal=Experimental Brain Research|date=19 July 2005|volume=166|issue=3–4|pages=345–357|doi=10.1007/s00221-005-2376-9|pmid=16028032 |s2cid=403254 }}</ref>

===Integration of taste and smell modality===
Impression of both taste and smell occurs in heteromodal regions of the [[limbic system|limbic]] and paralimbic brain. Taste–odor
integration occurs at earlier stages of processing. By life experience, factors such as the physiological significance of a given stimulus is perceived. Learning and affective processing are the primary functions of limbic and paralimbic brain. Taste perception is a combination of oral [[somatosensation]] and retronasal olfaction.<ref name = "small"/>

===Pleasure of food===
The sensation of taste come from oral somatosensory stimulation and with retronasal olfaction. The perceived pleasure encountered when eating and drinking is influenced by:
# sensory features, such as taste quality
# experience, such as prior exposure to taste-odor mixtures
# internal state
# cognitive context, such as information about brand<ref>{{cite journal|last=SMALL|first=D. M.|author2=BENDER, G. |author3=VELDHUIZEN, M. G. |author4=RUDENGA, K. |author5=NACHTIGAL, D. |author6= FELSTED, J. |title=The Role of the Human Orbitofrontal Cortex in Taste and Flavor Processing|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|date=10 September 2007|volume=1121|issue=1|pages=136–151|doi=10.1196/annals.1401.002|pmid=17846155|bibcode=2007NYASA1121..136S |s2cid=7934796 |doi-access=free}}</ref>