Editing Thai language (section)

== Grammar ==
From the perspective of [[linguistic typology]], Thai can be considered to be an [[analytic language]]. The [[word order]] is [[subject–verb–object]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Warotamasikkhadit|first=Udom|url=https://wals.info/refdb/record/Warotamasikkhadit-1972|title=Thai Syntax|date=1972|publisher=Mouton.|location=The Hague}}</ref> although the subject is often [[Pro-drop language|omitted]]. Additionally, Thai is an isolating language lacking any form of inflectional morphology whatsoever.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|last=Bisang|first=W.|title=Verb serialisation, grammaticalisation, and attractor positions in Chinese, Hmong, Vietnamese, Thai and Khmer|date=1991|url=https://wals.info/refdb/record/Bisang-1991|work=Partizipation: das sprachliche Erfassen von Sachverhalten|pages=509–562|place=Tübingen|publisher=Narr|access-date=2021-05-02}}</ref> Thai pronouns are selected according to the gender and relative status of speaker and audience.

=== Adjectives and adverbs ===
There is no morphological distinction between [[adverbs]] and [[adjectives]]. Many words can be used in either function. They follow the word they modify, which may be a noun, verb, or another adjective or adverb.

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|glossing4=yes|indent=3
|คน อ้วน
|khon uan
|/{{IPA|kʰōn}} {{IPA|ʔûa̯n}}/
|'a fat person'}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|glossing4=yes|indent=3
|คน ที่ อ้วน เร็ว
|khon thi uan reo
|/{{IPA|kʰōn}} {{IPA|tʰîː}} {{IPA|ʔûa̯n}} {{IPA|rēw}}/
|'a person who becomes fat quickly'}}

[[Comparison (grammar)|Comparatives]] take the form "A X {{lang|th|กว่า}} B" ({{lang|th-Latn|kwa}}, {{IPA|/kwàː/}}), 'A is more X than B'. The [[superlative]] is expressed as "A X {{lang|th|ที่สุด}}" ({{lang|th-Latn|thi sut}}, {{IPA|/tʰîː sùt/}}), 'A is most X'.

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|glossing4=yes|indent=3
|เขา อ้วน '''กว่า''' ฉัน
|khao uan '''kwa''' chan
|/{{IPA|kʰǎw}} {{IPA|ʔûa̯n}} '''{{IPA|kwàː}}''' {{IPA|tɕʰǎn}}/
|'S/he is fatter than me.'}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|glossing4=yes|indent=3
|เขา อ้วน '''ที่สุด'''
|khao uan {'''thi sut'''}
|/{{IPA|kʰǎw}} {{IPA|ʔûa̯n}} '''{{IPA|tʰîː sùt}}'''/
|'S/he is the fattest (of all).'}}

Adjectives in Thai can be used as [[Stative verb|complete predicates]]. Because of this, many words used to indicate tense in verbs (see Verbs:Tense below) may be used to describe adjectives.

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|glossing4=yes|indent=3
|ฉัน หิว
|chan hio
|/{{IPA|tɕʰǎn}} {{IPA|hǐw}}/
|'I am hungry.'}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|glossing4=yes|indent=3
|ฉัน '''จะ''' หิว
|chan '''cha''' hio
|/{{IPA|tɕʰǎn}} '''{{IPA|tɕàʔ}}''' {{IPA|hǐw}}/
|'I will be hungry.'}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|glossing4=yes|indent=3
|ฉัน '''กำลัง''' หิว
|chan '''kamlang''' hio
|/{{IPA|tɕʰǎn}} '''{{IPA|kām.lāŋ}}''' {{IPA|hǐw}}/
|'I am hungry right now.'}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|glossing4=yes|indent=3
|ฉัน หิว '''แล้ว'''
|chan hio '''laeo'''
|/{{IPA|tɕʰǎn}} {{IPA|hǐw}} '''{{IPA|lɛ́ːw}}'''/
|'I am already hungry.'}}

:* '''Remark''' {{lang|th|ฉันหิวแล้ว}} mostly means 'I am hungry right now' because normally, {{lang|th|แล้ว}} ({{IPA|/lɛ́ːw/}}) marks the change of a state, but {{lang|th|แล้ว}} has many other uses as well. For example, in the sentence, {{lang|th|แล้วเธอจะไปไหน}} ({{IPA|/lɛ́ːw tʰɤ̄ː tɕàʔ pāj nǎj/}}): 'So where are you going?', {{lang|th|แล้ว}} ({{IPA|/lɛ́ːw/}}) is used as a discourse particle.

=== Verbs ===
[[Verb]]s do not [[inflected language|inflect]]. They do not change with person, tense, voice, mood, or number; nor are there any [[participles]]. The language being analytic and [[Grammatical case|case]]-less, the relationship between subject, direct and indirect object is conveyed through word order and [[auxiliary verb]]s. [[Transitive verb|Transitive]] verbs follow the pattern ''subject-verb-object''.

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|ฉัน ตี เขา
|chan ti khao
|/{{IPA|tɕʰǎn}} {{IPA|tīː}} {{IPA|kʰǎw}}/
|1SG hit 3SG
|'I hit him.'}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|เขา ตี ฉัน
|khao ti chan
|/{{IPA|kʰǎw}} {{IPA|tīː}} {{IPA|tɕʰǎn}}/
|3SG hit 1SG
|'S/He hit me.'}}

In order to convey [[Tense–aspect–mood|tense, aspect and mood]] (TAM), the Thai verbal system employs auxiliaries and [[Serial verb construction|verb serialization]].<ref name=":3">{{Citation |last1=Jenny |first1=Mathias |title=The aspect system of Thai |date=2001 |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/110203/ |work=Aktionsart and Aspectotemporality in non-European languages |pages=97–140 |place=Zürich |publisher=Seminar für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Universität Zürich |isbn=978-3-9521010-8-7 |access-date=2021-05-02 |last2=Ebert |first2=Karen H. |last3=Zúñiga |first3=Fernando }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> TAM markers are however not obligatory and often left out in colloquial use. In such cases, the precise meaning is determined through context.<ref name=":3" /> This results in sentences lacking both TAM markers and overt context being ambiguous and subject to various interpretations.

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|ฉัน กิน ที่ นั่น
|chan kin thi nan
|/{{IPA|tɕʰǎn}} {{IPA|kīn}} {{IPA|tʰîː}} {{IPA|nân}}/
|'I eat there.'}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|ฉัน กิน ที่ นั่น เมื่อวาน
|chan kin thi nan mueawan
|/{{IPA|tɕʰǎn}} {{IPA|kīn}} {{IPA|tʰîː}} {{IPA|nân}} {{IPA|mɯ̂a̯.wāːn}}/
|'I ate there yesterday.'}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|ฉัน จะ กิน ที่ นั่น พรุ่งนี้
|chan cha kin thi nan phrungni
|/{{IPA|tɕʰǎn}} {{IPA|tɕàʔ}} {{IPA|kīn}} {{IPA|thîː}} {{IPA|nân}} {{IPA|pʰrûŋ.níː}}/
|'I'll eat there tomorrow.'}}

The sentence {{lang|th-Latn|chan kin thi nan}} can thus be interpreted as 'I am eating there', 'I eat there habitually', 'I will eat there' or 'I ate there'.  Aspect markers in Thai have been divided into four distinct groups based on their usage.<ref name=":3" /> These markers could appear either before or after the verb. The following list describes some of the most commonly used aspect markers. A number of these aspect markers are also full verbs on their own and carry a distinct meaning. For example {{lang|th-Latn|yu}} ({{lang|th|อยู่}}) as a full verb means 'to stay, to live or to remain at'. However, as an auxiliary it can be described as a ''temporary aspect'' or ''continuative marker''.<ref name=":3" />

* [[Imperfective aspect|Imperfective]]
** {{lang|th|อยู่}} {{lang|th-Latn|yu}} {{IPA|/jùː/}}
** {{lang|th|ไป}} {{lang|th-Latn|pai}} {{IPA|/pāj/}}
** {{lang|th|ยัง}} {{lang|th-Latn|yang}} {{IPA|/jāŋ/}}
** {{lang|th|กำลัง}} {{lang|th-Latn|kamlang}} {{IPA|/kām.lāŋ/}}
** {{lang|th|เคย}} {{lang|th-Latn|khoey}} {{IPA|/kʰɤ̄ːj/}}
* [[Perfective aspect|Perfective]]
** {{lang|th|ได้}} {{lang|th-Latn|dai}} {{IPA|/dâːj/}}
* [[Perfect aspect|Perfect]]
** {{lang|th|แล้ว}} {{lang|th-Latn|laeo}} {{IPA|/lɛ́ːw/}}
** {{lang|th|มา}} {{lang|th-Latn|ma}} {{IPA|/māː/}}
* [[Prospective aspect|Prospective]]/[[Future tense|Future]]
** {{lang|th|จะ}} {{lang|th-Latn|cha}} {{IPA|/tɕàʔ/}}

The imperfective aspect marker {{lang|th|กำลัง}} ({{lang|th-Latn|kamlang}}, {{IPA|/kām lāŋ/}}, currently) is used before the verb to denote an ongoing action (similar to the ''-ing'' suffix in English). {{lang|th-Latn|Kamlang}} is commonly interpreted as a [[progressive aspect|progressive]] aspect marker.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Boonyapatipark |first=Tasanalai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rPRyuAAACAAJ |title=A study of aspect in Thai |date=1983 |publisher=University of London |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Koenig |first1=Jean-Pierre |last2=Muansuwan |first2=Nuttanart |date=2005 |title=The Syntax of Aspect in Thai |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4048104 |journal=Natural Language & Linguistic Theory |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=335–380 |doi=10.1007/s11049-004-0488-8 |jstor=4048104 |s2cid=170429648 |issn=0167-806X |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Similarly, {{lang|th|อยู่}} ({{lang|th-Latn|yu}}, {{IPA|/jùː/}}) is a post-verbal aspect marker which corresponds to the continuative or temporary aspect.<ref name=":3" />

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|เขา '''กำลัง''' วิ่ง
|khao '''kamlang''' wing
|/{{IPA|kʰǎw}} '''{{IPA|kām.lāŋ}}''' {{IPA|wîŋ}}/
|}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|เขา วิ่ง '''อยู่'''
|khao wing '''yu'''
|/{{IPA|kʰǎw}} {{IPA|wîŋ}} '''{{IPA|jùː}}'''/
|}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|เขา '''กำลัง''' วิ่ง '''อยู่'''
|khao '''kamlang''' wing '''yu'''
|/{{IPA|kʰǎw}} '''{{IPA|kām.lāŋ}}''' {{IPA|wîŋ}} '''{{IPA|jùː}}'''/
|'He is running.'}}

Comparably {{lang|th|ยัง}} ({{lang|th-Latn|yang}}, {{IPA|/jāŋ/}}, still) which is used in an incompleted action, and usually cognates in phrase with {{lang|th-Latn|yu}} ({{lang|th|อยู่}}) or any second marker in common use.

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|เขา '''ยัง''' เขียน '''อยู่'''
|khao '''yang''' khian '''yu'''
|/{{IPA|kʰǎw}} '''{{IPA|jāŋ}}''' {{IPA|kʰǐa̯n}} '''{{IPA|jùː}}'''/
|He is still writing.}}

The marker {{lang|th|ได้}} ({{lang|th-Latn|dai}}, {{IPA|/dâːj/}}) is usually analyzed as a past tense marker when it occurs before the verb.<ref name=":2" /> As a full verb, {{lang|th-Latn|dai}} means 'to get or receive'. However, when used after a verb, {{lang|th-Latn|dai}} takes on a meaning of potentiality or successful outcome of the main verb.<ref name=":3" />

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|glossing4=yes|number=ex:
|เขา '''ได้''' ไป เที่ยว เมือง ลาว
|khao '''dai''' pai thiao mueang lao
|/{{IPA|kʰǎw}} '''{{IPA|dâːj}}''' {{IPA|pāj}} {{IPA|tʰîa̯w}} {{IPA|mɯ̄aŋ}} {{IPA|lāːw}}/
|He visited Laos. (Past/Perfective)}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|glossing4=yes|number=ex:
|เขา ตี '''ได้'''
|khao ti '''dai'''
|/{{IPA|kʰǎw}} {{IPA|tīː}} '''{{IPA|dâːj}}'''/
|3SG hit '''POT'''
|'He is/was allowed to hit' or 'He is/was able to hit.' (Potentiality)}}

{{lang|th|แล้ว}} ({{lang|th-Latn|laeo}}, {{IPA|/lɛ́ːw/}}; 'already') is treated as a marker indicating the [[perfect (grammar)|perfect]] aspect.<ref name=":4" /> That is to say, {{lang|th-Latn|laeo}} marks the event as being completed at the time of reference. {{lang|th-Latn|Laeo}} has two other meanings in addition to its use as a TAM marker. {{lang|th-Latn|Laeo}} can either be a conjunction for sequential actions or an archaic word for 'to finish'.

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|เขา '''ได้''' กิน
|khao '''dai''' kin
|/{{IPA|kʰǎw}} '''{{IPA|dâːj}}''' {{IPA|kīn}}/
|3SG '''PST''' eat
|He ate.}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|เขา กิน '''แล้ว'''
|khao kin '''laeo'''
|/{{IPA|kʰǎw}} {{IPA|kīn}} '''{{IPA|lɛ́ːw}}'''/
|3SG eat '''PRF'''
|He has eaten.}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|เขา '''ได้''' กิน '''แล้ว'''
|khao '''dai''' kin '''laeo'''
|/{{IPA|kʰǎw}} '''{{IPA|dâːj}}''' {{IPA|kīn}} '''{{IPA|lɛ́ːw}}'''/
|3SG '''PST''' eat '''PRF'''
|He's already eaten.}}

[[Future tense|Future]] can be indicated by {{lang|th|จะ}} ({{lang|th-Latn|cha}}, {{IPA|/tɕàʔ/}}; 'will') before the verb or by a time expression indicating the future. For example:

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|glossing4=yes|number=ex:
|เขา '''จะ''' วิ่ง
|khao '''cha''' wing
|/{{IPA|kʰǎw}} '''{{IPA|tɕàʔ}}''' {{IPA|wîŋ}}/
|3SG '''FUT''' run
|'He will run' or 'He is going to run.'}}

[[Dative case|Dative marker]] {{lang|th|ให้}} ({{lang|th-Latn|hai}}, {{IPA|/hâj/}}; 'give') often used in a sentence as prepositional or double objects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Acquisition Of Dative Constructions By Thai |url=http://ethesisarchive.library.tu.ac.th/thesis/2017/TU_2017_5521320084_8564_9178.pdf}}</ref>

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|เขา อ่าน หนังสือ '''ให้'''
|khao an {nangsue} '''hai'''
|/{{IPA|kʰǎw}} {{IPA|ʔàːn}} {{IPA|nǎŋ.sɯ̌ː}} '''{{IPA|hâj}}'''/
|3SG read book '''DAT'''
|'He reads book for (us).'}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|เขา '''ให้''' อ่าน หนังสือ
|khao '''hai''' an {nangsue}
|/{{IPA|kʰǎw}} '''{{IPA|hâj}}''' {{IPA|ʔàːn}} {{IPA|nǎŋ.sɯ̌ː}}/
|3SG '''DAT''' read book
|'He obligates (us) to read book.'}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|เขา '''ให้''' หนังสือ นักเรียน
|khao '''hai''' {nangsue} {nak rian}
|/{{IPA|kʰǎw}} '''{{IPA|hâj}}''' {{IPA|nǎŋ.sɯ̌ː}} {{IPA|nák ria̯n}}/
|3SG '''DAT''' book student
|'He gives book to student.'}}

The [[passive voice]] is indicated by the insertion of {{lang|th|ถูก}} ({{lang|th-Latn|thuk}}, {{IPA|/tʰùːk/}}) before the verb. For example:

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|glossing4=yes|number=ex:
|เขา '''ถูก''' ตี
|khao '''thuk''' ti
|/{{IPA|kʰǎw}} '''{{IPA|tʰùːk}}''' {{IPA|tīː}}/
|3SG '''PASS''' hit
|'He got hit.'}}
::This describes an action that is out of the receiver's control and, thus, conveys suffering.

[[Negation (rhetoric)|Negation]] is indicated by placing {{lang|th|ไม่}} ({{lang|th-Latn|mai}}, {{IPA|/mâj/}}; not) before the verb.
* {{lang|th|เขาไม่ตี}}, ({{lang|th-Latn|khao mai ti}}) 'He is not hitting' or 'He doesn't hit'.

Thai exhibits [[serial verb construction]]s, where verbs are strung together. Some word combinations are common and may be considered set phrases.

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|glossing4=yes|number=ex:
|เขา ไป กิน ข้าว
|khao pai kin khao
|/{{IPA|kʰǎw}} {{IPA|pāj}} {{IPA|kīn}} {{IPA|kʰâːw}}/
|he go eat rice
|'He went out to eat'}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|glossing4=yes|number=ex:
|ฉัน ฟัง ไม่ เข้าใจ
|chan fang mai {khao chai}
|/{{IPA|tɕʰǎn}} {{IPA|fāŋ}} {{IPA|mâj}} {{IPA|kʰâw tɕāj}}/
|I listen not understand
|'I don't understand what was said'}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|glossing4=yes|number=ex:
|เข้า มา
|khao ma
|/{{IPA|kʰâw}} {{IPA|māː}}/
|enter come
|'Come in'}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|glossing4=yes|number=ex:
|ออก ไป!
|ok pai
|/{{IPA|ʔɔ̀ːk}} {{IPA|pāj}}/
|exit go
|'Leave!' or 'Get out!'}}

=== Nouns ===
[[Noun]]s are [[uninflected word|uninflected]] and have no [[grammatical gender|gender]]; there are no [[article (grammar)|articles]]. Thai nouns are [[bare nouns]] and can be interpreted as singular, plural, definite or indefinite.<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis |last=Jenks |first=Peter |date=2011 |title=The Hidden Structure of Thai Noun Phrases |type=PhD dissertation |publisher=Harvard University |url=http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~jenks/Research_files/Jenks_2011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503175806/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~jenks/Research_files/Jenks_2011.pdf |archive-date=2015-05-03 |url-status=live |isbn=978-1-267-10767-1 |s2cid=118127511 |id={{ProQuest|915016895}} }}</ref> Some specific nouns are [[reduplication|reduplicated]] to form [[collective number|collectives]]: {{lang|th|เด็ก}} ({{lang|th-Latn|dek}}, 'child') is often repeated as {{lang|th|เด็ก ๆ}} ({{lang|th-Latn|dek dek}}) to refer to a group of children. The word {{lang|th|พวก}} ({{lang|th-Latn|phuak}}, {{IPA|/pʰûa̯k/}}) may be used as a prefix of a noun or pronoun as a collective to pluralize or emphasise the following word. ({{lang|th|พวกผม}}, {{lang|th-Latn|phuak phom}}, {{IPA|/pʰûa̯k pʰǒm/}}, 'we', masculine; {{lang|th|พวกเรา}} {{lang|th-Latn|phuak rao}}, {{IPA|/pʰûa̯k rāw/}}, emphasised 'we'; {{lang|th|พวกหมา}} {{lang|th-Latn|phuak ma}}, '(the) dogs'). Plurals are expressed by adding [[classifier (linguistics)|classifiers]], used as [[measure word]]s ({{lang|th|ลักษณนาม}}), in the form of noun-number-classifier:

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|ครู ห้า คน
|khru ha khon
|/{{IPA|kʰrūː}} {{IPA|hâː}} {{IPA|kʰōn}}/
|teacher five person
|"five teachers"}}

While in English, such classifiers are usually absent ("four chairs") or optional ("two bottles of beer" ''or'' "two beers"), a classifier is almost always used in Thai (hence "chair four item" and "beer two bottle").

[[Possessive case|Possession]] in Thai is indicated by adding the word {{lang|th|ของ}} ({{lang|th-Latn|khong}}) in front of the [[noun]] or [[pronoun]], but it may often be omitted. For example:

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|ลูก ของ แม่
|luk khong mae
|/{{IPA|lûːk}} {{IPA|kʰɔ̌ːŋ}} {{IPA|mɛ̂ː}}/
|child {belonging to} mother
|"mother's child"}}
{{Col-2}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|นา อา
|na a
|/{{IPA|nāː}} {{IPA|ʔāː}}/
|field uncle
|"uncle's field"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thailanguage.org/thai/grammar.asp|title=Thailanguage.org|access-date=18 September 2010|archive-date=11 November 2005|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20051111090104/http://www.thailanguage.org/thai/grammar.asp|url-status=usurped}}</ref>}}
{{Col-end}}

==== Nominal phrases ====
[[Noun phrase|Nominal phrases]] in Thai often use a special class of words [[classifier (linguistics)|classifiers]]. As previously mentioned, these classifiers are obligatory for noun phrases containing numerals e.g.

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|ผู้หญิง สอง คน
|phuying song khon
|/{{IPA|pʰûː.jǐŋ}} {{IPA|sɔ̌ːŋ}} {{IPA|kʰōn}}/
|woman two CL
|two women<ref name=":1" />}}

Unlike any numeral, {{lang|th|หนึ่ง}} ('one') can mark on both positions of classifier, but in different functions. The post-head one potentially marks a referent as [[indefinite article]].

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|แก้ว หนึ่ง ใบ
|kaew neung bai
|/{{IPA|kɛ̂ːw}}  {{IPA|nɯ̀ŋ}} {{IPA|bāj}}/
|glass one CL
|"one glass" (quantificational)}}
{{Col-2}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|แก้ว ใบ หนึ่ง
|kaew bai neung
|/{{IPA|kɛ̂ːw}} {{IPA|bāj}} {{IPA|nɯ̀ŋ}}/
|glass CL one
|"a glass" (referential)}}
{{Col-end}}

In the previous example {{lang|th-Latn|khon}} ({{lang|th|คน}}) acts as the classifier in the nominal phrase. This follows the form of noun-cardinal-classifier mentioned above. Classifiers are also required to form quantified noun phrases in Thai with some quantifiers such as {{lang|th|ทุก}} ('all'), {{lang|th|บาง}} ('some'). The examples below are demonstrated using the classifier {{lang|th-Latn|khon}}, which is used for people.

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|{นักเรียน} ทุก คน
|{nak rian} thuk khon
|/{{IPA|nák rīa̯n}} {{IPA|tʰúk}} {{IPA|kʰōn}}/
|student every CL
|"every student"}}
{{Col-2}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|ครู บาง คน
|khru bang khon
|/{{IPA|kʰrūː}} {{IPA|bāːŋ}} {{IPA|kʰōn}}/
|teacher some CL
|"some teacher"}}
{{Col-end}}

However, classifiers are not utilized for negative quantification. Negative quantification is expressed by the pattern {{lang|th|ไม่มี}} ({{lang|th-Latn|mai mi}}, {{IPA|/mâj mīː/}}) + NOUN.

=== Demonstratives ===
Thai has three of its distinctions. ''Proximal'' {{lang|th|นี่}} ({{lang|th-Latn|ni}}, {{IPA|/nîː/}}; 'this/these'), ''medial'' {{lang|th|นั่น}} ({{lang|th-Latn|nan}}, {{IPA|/nân/}}; 'that/those'), and ''distal'' {{lang|th|โน่น}} ({{lang|th-Latn|non}}, {{IPA|/nôːn/}}; 'that/those over there') which is rarely used.

It also has different usage of distinguishing the demonstratives by changing tones. In which the pronoun itself used for ''{{lang|th|นี่}} ({{lang|th-Latn|ni}}, {{IPA|/nîː/}})''; while ''{{lang|th|นี้}} ({{lang|th-Latn|ni}}, {{IPA|/níː}})'' refers to be modifier placed after the noun, prepositions, classifiers, etc. For example:

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|'''นี่''' คือ โต๊ะ ใหม่
|'''ni''' kheu to mai
|/'''{{IPA|nîː}}''' {{IPA|kʰɯ̄ː}} {{IPA|tóʔ}} {{IPA|màj}}/
|'''this'''-PRO be table new
|"this is a new table"}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|วาง ถ้วย บน '''นั้น'''
|wang thuai bon '''nan'''
|/{{IPA|wāːŋ}} {{IPA|tʰûa̯j}} {{IPA|bōn}} '''{{IPA|nán}}'''/ 
|{put down} bowl on '''that'''-PREP
|"put a bowl on there"}}

Following the word {{lang|th|ไหน}} ({{lang|th-Latn|nai}}, {{IPA|/nǎj/}}) which plays role as interrogative determiner or pronoun.

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|แมว ตัว ไหน
|maew tua nai
|/{{IPA|mɛ̄ːw}} {{IPA|tūa̯}} {{IPA|nǎj}}/ 
|cat CL INT
|"which cat?"}}
{{Col-3}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|จอด ที่ ไหน
|joat thi nai
|/{{IPA|t͡ɕɔ̀ːt}} {{IPA|tʰîː}} {{IPA|nǎj}}/ 
|park PREP INT
|"where to park?"}}
{{Col-3}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=th|indent=3|glossing4=yes
|พัก ตอน ไหน
|phak toan nai
|/{{IPA|pʰák}} {{IPA|tɔ̄ːn}} {{IPA|nǎj}}/ 
|rest since INT
|"when to rest?"}}
{{Col-end}}

The syntax for demonstrative phrases, however, differ from that of cardinals and follow the pattern ''noun-classifier-demonstrative''. For example, the noun phrase "this dog" would be expressed in Thai as {{lang|th|หมาตัวนี้}} (literally 'dog (classifier) this').<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Smyth|first=David |title=Thai|date=2014|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=978-1-317-97457-4|edition=2nd |location=Hoboken|oclc=879025983}}</ref>

=== Pronouns ===
Subject [[pronoun]]s are [[pronoun avoidance|often omitted]], with [[nickname]]s used where English would use a pronoun. See [[Thai name#Nicknames]] for more details. Pronouns, when used, are ranked in [[Thai honorifics|honorific registers]], and may also make a [[T–V distinction#Thai|T–V distinction]] in relation to [[kinship terminology|kinship]] and [[social status]]. Specialised pronouns are used for royalty, and for Buddhist monks. The following are appropriate for conversational use:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Word || [[Royal Thai General System of Transcription|RTGS]] || [[Help:IPA|IPA]] || Meaning
|-
| {{lang|th|ข้าพเจ้า}}
| {{lang|th|khaphachao}}
| {{IPA|/kʰâː.pʰáʔ.tɕâːw/}}
| I/me (very formal)
|-
| {{lang|th|กระผม}}
| {{lang|th|kraphom}}
| {{IPA|/kràʔ.pʰǒm/}}
| I/me (masculine; formal)
|-
| {{lang|th|ผม}}
| {{lang|th-Latn|phom}}
| {{IPA|/pʰǒm/}}
| I/me (masculine; common)
|-
| {{lang|th|ดิฉัน}}
| {{lang|th-Latn|dichan}}
| {{IPA|/dìʔ.tɕʰǎn/}}
| I/me (feminine; formal)
|-
| {{lang|th|ฉัน}}
| {{lang|th-Latn|chan}}
| {{IPA|/tɕʰǎn/}}
| I/me (mainly used by women; common) Commonly pronounced as {{IPA|[tɕʰán]}}
|-
| {{lang|th|ข้า}}
| {{lang|th-Latn|kha}}
| {{IPA|/kʰâː/}}
| I/me (from high-status to low-status or familiar; informal)
|-
| {{lang|th|กู}}
| {{lang|th-Latn|ku}}
| {{IPA|/kūː/}}
| I/me (impolite/vulgar)
|-
| {{lang|th|หนู}}
| {{lang|th-Latn|nu}}
| {{IPA|/nǔː/}}
| I/me (used by women when speaking to people much older than themselves; informal)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Many Different Ways To Say "I" |work=Beginner Thai Speaking |date=28 September 2021 |url=https://learnthaiinsingapore.com/the-many-different-ways-to-say-i-in-thai/ |access-date=2021-11-12 |language=en-SG }}</ref>
|-
| {{lang|th|เรา}}
| {{lang|th-Latn|rao}}
| {{IPA|/rāw/}}
| we/us (common), I/me (casual), you (sometimes used but only when older person speaks to younger person)
|-
| {{lang|th|คุณ}}
| {{lang|th-Latn|khun}}
| {{IPA|/kʰūn/}}
| you (common)
|-
| {{lang|th|ท่าน}}
| {{lang|th-Latn|than}}
| {{IPA|/tʰâːn/}}
| you (highly [[honorific]]; formal) Commonly pronounced as {{IPA|[tʰân]}}
|-
| {{lang|th|แก}}
| {{lang|th-Latn|kae}}
| {{IPA|/kɛ̄ː/}}
| you (familiar; informal)<ref>{{Cite web |author=Joanne Tan |title=How to say You in Thai Language |website=Learn Thai in Singapore |url=https://learnthaiinsingapore.com/how-to-say-you-in-thai-language/ }}</ref>
|-
| {{lang|th|เอ็ง}}
| {{lang|th-Latn|eng}}
| {{IPA|/ʔēŋ/}}
| you (from high-status to low-status or familiar; informal)
|-
| {{lang|th|เธอ}}
| {{lang|th-Latn|thoe}}
| {{IPA|/tʰɤ̄ː/}}
| you (informal), she/her (informal)
|-
| {{lang|th|มึง}}
| {{lang|th-Latn|mueng}}
| {{IPA|/mɯ̄ŋ/}}
| you (impolite/vulgar)
|-
| {{lang|th|พี่}}
| {{lang|th-Latn|phi}}
| {{IPA|/pʰîː/}}
| older brother, sister (also used for older acquaintances; common)
|-
| {{lang|th|น้อง}}
| {{lang|th-Latn|nong}}
| {{IPA|/nɔ́ːŋ/}}
| younger brother, sister (also used for younger acquaintances; common)
|-
| {{lang|th|เขา}}
| {{lang|th-Latn|khao}}
| {{IPA|/kʰǎw/}}
| he/him (common), she/her (common) Commonly pronounced as {{IPA|[kʰáw]}}
|-
| {{lang|th|มัน}}
| {{lang|th-Latn|man}}
| {{IPA|/mān/}}
| it, he/she (offensive if used to refer to a person)
|-
|}

The reflexive pronoun is {{lang|th|ตัวเอง}} ({{lang|th-Latn|tua eng}}), which can mean any of: myself, yourself, ourselves, himself, herself, themselves. This can be mixed with another pronoun to create an [[intensive pronoun]], such as {{lang|th|ตัวผมเอง}} ({{lang|th-Latn|tua phom eng}}, lit: I myself) or {{lang|th|ตัวคุณเอง}} ({{lang|th-Latn|tua khun eng}}, lit: you yourself). Thai also does not have a separate [[possessive pronoun]]. Instead, possession is indicated by the particle {{lang|th|ของ}} ({{lang|th-Latn|khong}}).  For example, "my mother" is {{lang|th|แม่ของผม}} ({{lang|th-Latn|mae khong phom}}, lit: mother of I). This particle is often implicit, so the phrase is shortened to {{lang|th|แม่ผม}} ({{lang|th-Latn|mae phom}}). Plural pronouns can be easily constructed by adding the word {{lang|th|พวก}} ({{lang|th-Latn|phuak}}) in front of a singular pronoun as in {{lang|th|พวกเขา}} ({{lang|th-Latn|phuak khao}}) meaning 'they' or {{lang|th|พวกเธอ}} ({{lang|th-Latn|phuak thoe}}) meaning the plural sense of 'you'. The only exception to this is {{lang|th|เรา}} ({{lang|th-Latn|rao}}), which can be used as singular (informal) or plural, but can also be used in the form of {{lang|th|พวกเรา}} ({{lang|th-Latn|phuak rao}}), which is only plural.

Thai has many more pronouns than those listed above. Their usage is full of nuances. For example:

* "{{lang|th|ผม เรา ฉัน ดิฉัน หนู กู ข้า กระผม ข้าพเจ้า กระหม่อม อาตมา กัน ข้าน้อย ข้าพระพุทธเจ้า อั๊ว เขา}}" all translate to "I", but each expresses a different gender, age, politeness, status, or relationship between speaker and listener.
* {{lang|th|เรา}} ({{lang|th-Latn|rao}}) can be first person (I), second person (you), or both (we), depending on the context.
* Children or younger female could use or being referred by word {{lang|th|หนู}} ({{lang|th-Latn|nu}}) when talking with older person. The word {{lang|th|หนู}} could be both feminine first person (I) and feminine second person (you) and also neuter first and neuter second person for children.
** {{lang|th|หนู}} commonly means rat or mouse, though it also refers to small creatures in general.
* The second person pronoun {{lang|th|เธอ}} ({{lang|th-Latn|thoe}}) (lit: you) is semi-feminine. It is used only when the speaker or the listener (or both) are female. Males usually do not address each other by this pronoun.
* Both {{lang|th|คุณ}} ({{lang|th-latn|khun}}) and {{lang|th|เธอ}} ({{lang|th-Latn|thoe}}) are polite neuter second person pronouns.  However, {{lang|th|คุณเธอ}} ({{lang|th-Latn|khun thoe}}) is a feminine derogative third person.
* Instead of a second person pronoun such as {{lang|th|คุณ}} ('you'), it is much more common for unrelated strangers to call each other {{lang|th|พี่ น้อง ลุง ป้า น้า อา ตา}} or {{lang|th|ยาย}} (brother, sister, aunt, uncle, granny).
* To express deference, the second person pronoun is sometimes replaced by a profession, similar to how, in English, presiding judges are always addressed as "your honor" rather than "you".  In Thai, students always address their teachers by {{lang|th|ครู}}, {{lang|th|คุณครู}} or {{lang|th|อาจารย์}} (each meaning 'teacher') rather than {{lang|th|คุณ}} ('you').  Teachers, monks, and doctors are almost always addressed this way.

=== Particles ===
The [[grammatical particle|particles]] are often untranslatable words added to the end of a sentence to indicate respect, a request, encouragement or other moods (similar to the use of [[intonation (linguistics)|intonation]] in English), as well as varying the level of formality. They are not used in elegant (written) Thai. The most common particles indicating respect are {{lang|th|ครับ}} ({{lang|th-Latn|khrap}}, {{IPA|/kʰráp/}}, with a high tone) when the speaker is a man, and {{lang|th|ค่ะ}} ({{lang|th-Latn|kha}}, {{IPA|/kʰâʔ/}}, with a falling tone) when the speaker is a woman. Used in a question or a request, the particle {{lang|th|ค่ะ}} (falling tone) is changed to a {{lang|th|คะ}} (high tone).

Other common particles are:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Word
! [[Royal Thai General System of Transcription|RTGS]]
! [[help:IPA|IPA]]
! Meaning
|-
| {{lang|th|จ้ะ}}, {{lang|th|จ้า}} or {{lang|th|จ๋า}}
| {{lang|th-Latn|cha}}
| {{IPA|/tɕâʔ/}}, {{IPA|/tɕâː/}} or {{IPA|/tɕǎː/}}
| indicating emphasis. Used in a less formal context when speaking to friends or someone younger than yourself<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=What Do 'krub' And 'ka' Mean In Thai Language & When To Use |date=5 October 2021 |url=https://learnthaiinsingapore.com/what-do-krub-and-ka-mean-in-thai/ |access-date=2021-11-01 |language=en-SG }}</ref>
|-
| {{lang|th|ละ}} or {{lang|th|ล่ะ}}
| {{lang|th-Latn|la}}
| {{IPA|/láʔ/}} or {{IPA|/lâʔ/}}
| indicating emphasis.
|-
| {{lang|th|สิ}} or {{lang|th|ซิ}}
| {{lang|th-Latn|si}}
| {{IPA|/sìʔ/}} or {{IPA|/síʔ/}}
| indicating emphasis or an imperative. It can come across as ordering someone to do something<ref name=":5" />
|-
| {{lang|th|นะ}} or {{lang|th|น่ะ}}
| {{lang|th-Latn|na}}
| {{IPA|/náʔ/}} or {{IPA|/nâʔ/}}
| softening; indicating a request or making your sentence sound more friendly.
|}