Editing Additive synthesis (section)

=== Timeline ===

The following is a timeline of historically and technologically notable analog and digital synthesizers and devices implementing additive synthesis.
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! width="50" | Research implementation or publication
! width="50" | Commercially available
! width="100" class="unsortable" | Company or institution
! width="50" class="unsortable" | Synthesizer or synthesis device
! class="unsortable" | Description
! width="85" class="unsortable" | Audio samples
|-
| 1900<ref name="weidenaar1995">{{Cite book |last=Weidenaar |first=Reynold |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Gr2kq-598-YC |title=Magic Music from the Telharmonium |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-8108-2692-2 |location=Lanham, MD}}</ref>
| 1906<ref name="weidenaar1995" />
| New England Electric Music Company
| [[Telharmonium]]
| The first polyphonic, touch-sensitive music synthesizer.<ref name="moog1977">{{Cite journal |last=Moog, Robert A. |date=October–November 1977 |title=Electronic Music |journal=Journal of the Audio Engineering Society |volume=25 |issue=10/11 |page=856}}</ref> Implemented sinuosoidal additive synthesis using [[tonewheel]]s and [[alternator]]s. Invented by [[Thaddeus Cahill]].
| ''no known recordings''<ref name="weidenaar1995" />
|-
| 1933<ref name="harvey2011">{{Cite web |last=Olsen |first=Harvey |date=14 December 2011 |editor-last=Brown, Darren T. |title=Leslie Speakers and Hammond organs: Rumors, Myths, Facts, and Lore |url=http://www.hammond-organ.com/History/hammond_lore.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901005950/http://hammond-organ.com/History/hammond_lore.htm |archive-date=1 September 2012 |access-date=20 January 2012 |website=The Hammond Zone |publisher=Hammond Organ in the U.K. |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| 1935<ref name="harvey2011" />
| [[Hammond Organ|Hammond Organ Company]]
| [[Hammond Organ]]
| An electronic additive synthesizer that was commercially more successful than Telharmonium.<ref name="moog1977" /> Implemented sinusoidal additive synthesis using [[tonewheel]]s and [[Pickup (music technology)#Magnetic pickups|magnetic pickups]]. Invented by [[Laurens Hammond]].
| {{Audio|Hammond Organ - Model A Medley.ogg|Model A}}
|-
| 1950 or earlier<ref name="cooper1951">{{Cite journal |last=Cooper |first=F. S. |last2=Liberman |first2=A. M. |last3=Borst |first3=J. M. |date=May 1951 |title=The interconversion of audible and visible patterns as a basis for research in the perception of speech |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=318–25 |bibcode=1951PNAS...37..318C |doi=10.1073/pnas.37.5.318 |pmc=1063363 |pmid=14834156 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
| &nbsp;
| [[Haskins Laboratories]]
| [[Pattern playback|Pattern Playback]]
| A speech synthesis system that controlled amplitudes of harmonic partials by a spectrogram that was either hand-drawn or an analysis result. The partials were generated by a multi-track optical [[tonewheel]].<ref name="cooper1951" />
| [http://www.haskins.yale.edu/featured/sentences/ppsentences.html samples]
|-
| 1958<ref name="holzer2010">{{Cite web |last=Holzer |first=Derek |date=22 February 2010 |title=A brief history of optical synthesis |url=http://www.umatic.nl/tonewheels_historical.html |access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref>
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| [[ANS synthesizer|ANS]]
| An additive synthesizer<ref name="vail2002">{{Cite magazine |last=Vail |first=Mark |date=1 November 2002 |title=Eugeniy Murzin's ANS – Additive Russian synthesizer |magazine=[[Keyboard Magazine]] |page=120}}</ref> that played microtonal [[spectrogram]]-like scores using multiple multi-track optical [[tonewheel]]s. Invented by [[Evgeny Murzin]]. A similar instrument that utilized electronic oscillators, the ''Oscillator Bank'', and its input device ''Spectrogram'' were realized by [[Hugh Le Caine]] in 1959.<ref name="young1999a">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Gayle |title=Oscillator Bank (1959) |url=http://www.hughlecaine.com/en/oscbank.html}}</ref><ref name="young1999b">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Gayle |title=Spectrogram (1959) |url=http://www.hughlecaine.com/en/spectro.html}}</ref>
| {{Audio|The ANS Synthesizer playing doodles (live).ogg|1964 model}}
|-
| 1963<ref name="luce1963">{{Cite thesis |last=Luce |first=David Alan |title=Physical correlates of nonpercussive musical instrument tones |degree=Thesis |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |year=1963 |hdl=1721.1/27450 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.}}</ref>
| &nbsp;
| [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]
| &nbsp;
| An off-line system for digital spectral analysis and resynthesis of the attack and steady-state portions of musical instrument timbres by David Luce.<ref name="luce1963" />
| &nbsp;
|-
| 1964<ref name="beauchamp2009">{{Cite web |last=Beauchamp |first=James |date=17 November 2009 |title=The Harmonic Tone Generator: One of the First Analog Voltage-Controlled Synthesizers |url=http://cmp.music.illinois.edu/beaucham/htg.html |website=Prof. James W. Beauchamp Home Page}}</ref>
| &nbsp;
| [[University of Illinois]]
| [[Experimental Music Studios|Harmonic Tone Generator]]
| An electronic, harmonic additive synthesis system invented by James Beauchamp.<ref name="beauchamp2009" /><ref name="beauchamp1966">{{Cite journal |last=Beauchamp |first=James W. |date=October 1966 |title=Additive Synthesis of Harmonic Musical Tones |url=http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=1129 |journal=Journal of the Audio Engineering Society |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=332–342}}</ref>
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20131228061841/http://ems.music.uiuc.edu/beaucham/htg_sounds/ samples] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120322191551/http://ems.music.uiuc.edu/beaucham/htg.html info])
|-
| 1974 or earlier<ref name="synthmuseum-RMI" /><ref name="reid2001"/>
| 1974<ref name="synthmuseum-RMI">{{Cite web |title=RMI Harmonic Synthesizer |url=http://www.synthmuseum.com/rmi/rmihar01.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609205852/http://www.synthmuseum.com/rmi/rmihar01.html |archive-date=9 June 2011 |access-date=12 May 2011 |publisher=Synthmuseum.com}}</ref><ref name="reid2001">
 {{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Gordon   <!-- date   = December 2011 --> |title=PROG SPAWN! The Rise And Fall of Rocky Mount Instruments (Retro) |url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/dec01/articles/retrozone1201.asp |journal=Sound on Sound |issue=December 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225162843/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/dec01/articles/retrozone1201.asp |archive-date=25 December 2011 |access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref>
| [[Rocky Mount Instruments|RMI]]
| Harmonic Synthesizer
| The first synthesizer product that implemented additive<ref name="flint2008">
 {{Cite journal |last=Flint |first=Tom   <!-- |date=February 2008 --> |title=Jean Michel Jarre: 30 Years of Oxygene |url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/feb08/articles/jmjarre.htm |journal=Sound on Sound |issue=February 2008 |access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> synthesis using digital oscillators.<ref name="synthmuseum-RMI" /><ref name="reid2001" /> The synthesizer also had a time-varying analog filter.<ref name="synthmuseum-RMI" /> RMI was a subsidiary of [[Allen Organ Company]], which had released the first commercial [[Electronic organ#Digital church organs|digital church organ]], the ''Allen Computer Organ'', in 1971, using digital technology developed by [[North American Rockwell]].<ref name="fundinguniverse">{{Cite web |title=Allen Organ Company |url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Allen-Organ-company-company-History.html |website=fundinguniverse.com}}</ref>
| [https://soundcloud.com/doombient-music/rmi-harmonic-drones 1] [https://soundcloud.com/doombient-music/rmi-harmonic-demos 2] [https://soundcloud.com/doombient-music/rmi-harmonic-arpeggiator-demo 3] [https://soundcloud.com/doombient-music/rmi-harmonic-intermodulation 4]
|-
| 1974<ref name="cosimi2009">{{Cite journal |last=Cosimi |first=Enrico |date=20 May 2009 |title=EMS Story - Prima Parte |trans-title=EMS Story - Part One |url=http://audio.accordo.it/articles/2009/05/23828/ems-story-prima-parte.html |journal=Audio Accordo.it |language=it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522022413/http://audio.accordo.it/articles/2009/05/23828/ems-story-prima-parte.html |archive-date=22 May 2009 |access-date=21 January 2012}}</ref>
| &nbsp;
| [[Electronic Music Studios|EMS]] (London)
| Digital Oscillator Bank
| A bank of digital oscillators with arbitrary waveforms, individual frequency and amplitude controls,<ref name="hinton2002">{{Cite web |last=Hinton |first=Graham |year=2002 |title=EMS: The Inside Story |url=http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsstory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521015858/http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsstory.html |archive-date=21 May 2013 |publisher=Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall)}}</ref> intended for use in analysis-resynthesis with the digital ''Analysing Filter Bank'' (AFB) also constructed at EMS.<ref name="cosimi2009" /><ref name="hinton2002" /> Also known as: ''DOB''.
| in The New Sound of Music<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=The New Sound of Music |date=1979 |type=TV |publisher=BBC |place=UK}} Includes a demonstration of DOB and AFB.</ref>
|-
| 1976<ref name="leete1999">
 {{Cite journal |last=Leete |first=Norm   <!-- |date=April 1999 --> |title=Fairlight Computer – Musical Instrument (Retro) |url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/apr99/articles/fairlight.htm |journal=Sound on Sound |issue=April 1999 |access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref>
| 1976<ref name="twyman2004">{{Cite thesis |last=Twyman |first=John |title=(inter)facing the music: The history of the Fairlight Computer Musical Instrument |date=1 November 2004 |access-date=29 January 2012 |degree=Bachelor of Science (Honours) |publisher=Unit for the History and Philosophy of Science, University of Sydney |url=http://www.geosci.usyd.edu.au/users/john/thesis/thesis_web.pdf}}</ref>
| [[Fairlight (company)|Fairlight]]
| [[Fairlight CMI|Qasar M8]]
| An all-digital synthesizer that used the [[fast Fourier transform]]<ref name="street2000">{{Cite web |last=Street |first=Rita |date=8 November 2000 |title=Fairlight: A 25-year long fairytale |url=http://www.audiomedia.com/archive/features/uk-1000/uk-1000-fairlight/uk-1000-fairlight.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031008201831/http://www.audiomedia.com/archive/features/uk-1000/uk-1000-fairlight/uk-1000-fairlight.htm |archive-date=8 October 2003 |access-date=29 January 2012 |website=Audio Media magazine |publisher=IMAS Publishing UK}}</ref> to create samples from interactively drawn amplitude envelopes of harmonics.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1978 |title=Computer Music Journal |url=http://egrefin.free.fr/images/Fairlight/CMJfall78.jpg |access-date=29 January 2012 |format=JPG}}</ref>
| [http://anerd.com/fairlight/audioarchives/index.htm samples]
|-
| 1977<ref name="Leider2004">{{Cite book |last=Leider |first=Colby |title=Digital Audio Workstation |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |year=2004 |page=58 |chapter=The Development of the Modern DAW}}</ref>
| &nbsp;
| [[Bell Labs]]
| [[Bell Labs Digital Synthesizer|Digital Synthesizer]]
| A [[real-time computing|real-time]], digital additive synthesizer<ref name="Leider2004" /> that has been called the first true digital synthesizer.<ref name="chadabe1997">{{Cite book |last=Joel |first=Chadabe |author-link=Joel Chadabe |url=http://www.pearsonhighered.com/educator/product/Electric-Sound-The-Past-and-Promise-of-Electronic-Music/9780133032314.page |title=Electric Sound |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-13-303231-4 |location=Upper Saddle River, N.J., U.S.A. |pages=177–178, 186}}</ref> Also known as: ''Alles Machine'', ''Alice''.
| [http://retiary.org/ls/music/realaudio/ob_sys/05_alles_synth_improv.rm sample] ([http://retiary.org/ls/obsolete_systems/ info])
|-
| 1979<ref name="chadabe1997" />
| 1979<ref name="chadabe1997" />
| [[New England Digital]]
| [[Synclavier II]]
| A commercial digital synthesizer that enabled development of timbre over time by smooth cross-fades between waveforms generated by additive synthesis.
| {{Audio|Jon Appleton - Sashasonjon.oga|Jon Appleton - Sashasonjon}}
|-
|
|1996<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kawai K5000 {{!}} Vintage Synth Explorer |url=https://www.vintagesynth.com/kawai/k5000 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=www.vintagesynth.com}}</ref>
|[[Kawai Musical Instruments|Kawai]]
|[[Kawai K5000|K5000]]
|A commercial digital synthesizer workstation capable of polyphonic, digital additive synthesis of up to 128 sinusodial waves, as well as combing PCM waves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kawai K5000R & K5000S |url=https://www.soundonsound.com/reviews/kawai-k5000r-k5000s |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=www.soundonsound.com}}</ref> 
|
|}