Editing Alternating current (section)

===Adoption===

The AC power system was developed and adopted rapidly after 1886. In March of that year, Westinghouse engineer [[William Stanley, Jr.|William Stanley]], designing a system based on the Gaulard and Gibbs transformer,<ref>{{cite book|last=Skrabec|first=Quentin R.|title=George Westinghouse: Gentle Genius|publisher=Algora Publishing|year=2007|page=102|isbn=978-0-87586-508-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3GYdiFM41oC&pg=PA102}}</ref> demonstrated a lighting system in [[Great Barrington, Massachusetts|Great Barrington]]:  A [[Siemens]] generator's voltage of 500 volts was converted into 3000 volts, and then the voltage was stepped down to 500 volts by six Westinghouse transformers. With this setup, the Westinghouse company successfully powered thirty 100-volt incandescent bulbs in twenty shops along the main street of Great Barrington.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brusso |first1=Barry|last2=Allerhand |first2=Adam |date=January 2021 |title=A Contrarian History of Early Electric Power Distribution|volume= |issue= |doi= 10.1109/MIAS.2020.3028630|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9292399 |journal=IEEE Industry Applications Magazine |page=13 |publisher=IEEE.org |s2cid=230605234 |access-date=January 1, 2023|archive-date=December 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212083429/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=9292399 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Clark W. Gellings|title=The Smart Grid Enabling Energy Efficiency and Demand Response|publisher=[[River Publishers]]|year=2020|page=62|isbn=9781000355314|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0xkOEAAAQBAJ&dq=siemens+generator+%22great+barrington%22&pg=PT62}}</ref> By the fall of that year Ganz engineers installed a ZBD transformer power system with AC generators in [[Rome]].<ref name="IEC Techline" />

[[File:WestinghouseEarlyACSystem1887-USP373035.png|thumb|Westinghouse Early AC System 1887<br /> ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090325121254/http://www.pat2pdf.org/patents/pat373035.pdf US patent 373035])]]

Based on Stanley's success, the new [[Westinghouse Electric Corporation|Westinghouse Electric]]<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Tinicum Township (PA) 1643–1993|publisher=Tinicum Township Historical Society|year=1993|url=http://tthsdelco.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/History%20of%20Tinicum%20Twp.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423202458/http://tthsdelco.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/History%20of%20Tinicum%20Twp.pdf|archive-date=April 23, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> went on to develop alternating current (AC) electric infrastructure throughout the United States. The spread of Westinghouse and other AC systems triggered a push back in late 1887 by [[Thomas Edison]] (a proponent of direct current), who attempted to discredit alternating current as too dangerous in a public campaign called the "[[war of the currents]]". 

In 1888, alternating current systems gained further viability with the introduction of a functional [[AC motor]], something these systems had lacked up till then. The design, an [[induction motor]], was independently invented by [[Galileo Ferraris]] and [[Nikola Tesla]] (with Tesla's design being licensed by Westinghouse in the US). This design was independently further developed into the modern practical [[three-phase]] form by [[Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky]] and [[Charles Eugene Lancelot Brown]] in Germany on one side,<ref>{{cite book|first1=Arnold|last1=Heertje|first2=Mark|last2=Perlman|title=Evolving Technology and Market Structure: Studies in Schumpeterian Economics|year=1990 |isbn=9780472101924|page=138|publisher=University of Michigan Press}}</ref> and [[Jonas Wenström]] in Sweden on the other, though Brown favored the two-phase system.

The [[Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant]], constructed in 1890, was among the first hydroelectric alternating current power plants. A long-distance transmission of single-phase electricity from a hydroelectric generating plant in Oregon at Willamette Falls sent power fourteen miles downriver to downtown Portland for street lighting in 1890.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1915|title=Electric Transmission of Power |journal=General Electric Review |volume=XVIII}}</ref>  In 1891, another transmission system was installed in Telluride Colorado.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1915|title=Electric Transmission of Power|journal=General Electric|volume=XVIII}}</ref> The first [[Three-phase electric power|three-phase system]] was established in 1891 in [[Frankfurt]], Germany. The [[Tivoli, Lazio|Tivoli]]–[[Rome]] transmission was completed in 1892.<ref name="Holjevac" /> The San Antonio Canyon Generator was the third commercial single-phase hydroelectric AC power plant in the United States to provide long-distance electricity.  It was completed on December 31, 1892, by [[Almarian Decker|Almarian William Decker]] to provide power to the city of [[Pomona, California]], which was 14 miles away. Meanwhile, the possibility of transferring electrical power from a waterfall at a distance was explored at the [[Grängesberg]] mine in Sweden. A {{val|45|ul=m}} fall at Hällsjön, Smedjebackens kommun, where a small iron work had been located, was selected. In 1893,  a three-phase {{val|9.5|ul=Kilovolt{{!}}kv}} system was used to transfer 400 [[horsepower]] a distance of {{val|15|ul=km}}, becoming the first commercial application.<ref>{{cite book | last= Hjulström | first= Filip | title= Elektrifieringens utveckling i Sverige, en ekonomisk-geografisk översikt | year= 1940 | url= https://www.antikvariat.net/sv/rod151504-elektrifieringens-utveckling-i-sverige-en-ekonomisk-geografisk-oversikt-hjulstrom-filip | trans-quote= Excerpt taken from YMER 1941, häfte 2.Utgiven av Sällskapet för antropologi och geografi: Meddelande från Upsala univeristets geografiska institution, N:o 29, published by Esselte ab, Stockholm 1941 no. 135205}}</ref> In 1893, Westinghouse built an alternating current system for the [[Chicago World Exposition]].<ref name="Holjevac" /> In 1893, Decker designed the first American commercial [[three-phase]] power plant using alternating current—the hydroelectric [[Mill Creek No. 1 Hydroelectric Plant]] near [[Redlands, California]].  Decker's design incorporated 10&nbsp;kV three-phase transmission and established the standards for the complete system of generation, transmission and motors used in USA today. The original Niagara Falls [[Adams Power Plant]]  with three two-phase generators was put into operation in August 1895, but was connected to the remote transmission system only in 1896. The [[Jaruga Hydroelectric Power Plant]] in Croatia was set in operation two days later, on 28 August 1895. Its [[electric generator|generator]] (42&nbsp;Hz, 240&nbsp;kW) was made and installed by the Hungarian company [[Ganz]], while the transmission line from the power plant to the City of [[Šibenik]] was {{convert|11.5|km|sp=us}} long, and the municipal distribution grid 3000&nbsp;V/110&nbsp;V included six transforming stations.<ref name="Holjevac" />

Alternating current circuit theory developed rapidly in the latter part of the 19th and early 20th century. Notable contributors to the theoretical basis of alternating current calculations include [[Charles Steinmetz]], [[Oliver Heaviside]], and many others.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f5FqsDPVQ2MC&q=theoretical++alternating+current++Oliver+Heaviside&pg=PA1229|title=Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences|first=I.|last=Grattan-Guinness|date=September 19, 2003|publisher=JHU Press|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-8018-7397-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lew5IC5piCwC&q=theoretical++alternating+current++Charles+Steinmetz&pg=PA329|title=Mathematics in Historical Context|first=Jeff|last=Suzuki|date=August 27, 2009|publisher=MAA|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-88385-570-6}}</ref> Calculations in unbalanced three-phase systems were simplified by the [[symmetrical components]] methods discussed by [[Charles LeGeyt Fortescue]] in 1918. <!-- discuss network analyzer and digital computer network analysis -->