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== Measuring anger == === The Gallup World Poll === Every year, [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] asks people in over 140 countries, "did you experience anger during a lot of the day yesterday?" In 2021, Gallup found that 23% of adults experienced a lot of anger, which is up from 18% in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Emotions Report |url=https://www.gallup.com/analytics/349280/gallup-global-emotions-report.aspx |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=Gallup.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809164527/https://www.gallup.com/analytics/349280/gallup-global-emotions-report.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The countries that experienced the most anger were Lebanon, Turkey, Armenia, Iraq, and Afghanistan; the countries that experience the least anger were Finland, Mauritius, Estonia, Portugal, and the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gidman |first=Jenn |date=2022-08-07 |title=This Is the Angriest Country on Earth |url=https://www.newser.com/story/323806/this-is-the-angriest-country-on-earth.html |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=Newser |archive-date=2022-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808230724/https://www.newser.com/story/323806/this-is-the-angriest-country-on-earth.html |url-status=live }}</ref> === Self-reports of Psychological Anger === The most common way to measure anger has been through the use of self-report measures. It is currently thought there are just under 50 measures of psychological anger.<ref name="Maltby-2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Maltby |first1=John |last2=Norton |first2=Will H. J. |last3=McElroy |first3=Eoin |last4=Cromby |first4=John |last5=Halliwell |first5=Martin |last6=Hall |first6=Sophie S. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Refining Anger: Summarizing the Self-Report Measurement of Anger |journal=Journal of Personality Assessment |volume=105 |issue=6 |pages=752–762 |doi=10.1080/00223891.2022.2152345 |issn=0022-3891 |pmid=36480742|s2cid=254478254 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Spielberger State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spielberger |first=Charles |title=State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/t29496-000 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|year=2021 |doi=10.1037/t29496-000 |s2cid=243875065 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and the Novaco Anger Scale and Provocation Inventory<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hornsveld |first1=Ruud H. J. |last2=Muris |first2=Peter |last3=Kraaimaat |first3=Floris W. |date=2011 |title=The Novaco Anger Scale–Provocation Inventory (1994 version) in Dutch forensic psychiatric patients. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024018 |journal=Psychological Assessment |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=937–944 |doi=10.1037/a0024018 |pmid=21668125 |issn=1939-134X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> are widely recognized and frequently used self-report measures for assessing anger, focusing on various aspects of anger expression including outward, inward, and controlled expressions. Additionally, various anger scales draw on different perspectives, such as cognitive processes of anger rumination,<ref name="Sukhodolsky-2001">{{Cite journal |last1=Sukhodolsky |first1=Denis G. |last2=Golub |first2=Arthur |last3=Cromwell |first3=Erin N. |date=2001-10-01 |title=Development and validation of the anger rumination scale |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886900001719 |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |language=en |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=689–700 |doi=10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00171-9 |issn=0191-8869|url-access=subscription }}</ref> anger as behavioral and cognitive responses to avoidance, assertion, and social support,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Linden |first1=Wolfgang |last2=Hogan |first2=Brenda E. |last3=Rutledge |first3=Thomas |last4=Chawla |first4=Anuradha |last5=Lenz |first5=Joseph W. |last6=Leung |first6=Debbie |date=March 2003 |title=There is more to anger coping than "in" or "out". |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/1528-3542.3.1.12 |journal=Emotion |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=12–29 |doi=10.1037/1528-3542.3.1.12 |pmid=12899314 |issn=1931-1516|url-access=subscription }}</ref> cognitive and emotional aspects of irritability,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Craig |first1=Kevin J. |last2=Hietanen |first2=Heidi |last3=Markova |first3=Ivana S. |last4=Berrios |first4=German E. |date=2008-06-30 |title=The Irritability Questionnaire: A new scale for the measurement of irritability |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016517810700090X |journal=Psychiatry Research |language=en |volume=159 |issue=3 |pages=367–375 |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2007.03.002 |pmid=18374422 |s2cid=8193504 |issn=0165-1781|url-access=subscription }}</ref> functional and dysfunctional responses and goal-oriented behavior in response to anger,<ref name="Kubiak 1–13">{{Cite journal |last1=Kubiak |first1=Thomas |last2=Wiedig-Allison |first2=Monika |last3=Zgoriecki |first3=Sandra |last4=Weber |first4=Hannelore |date=2011-01-01 |title=Habitual Goals and Strategies in Anger Regulation |url=https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1027/1614-0001/a000030 |journal=Journal of Individual Differences |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1027/1614-0001/a000030 |issn=1614-0001 |access-date=2023-04-22 |archive-date=2023-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430214833/https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1027/1614-0001/a000030 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> experiences of anger,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sharkin |first1=Bruce S. |last2=Gelso |first2=Charles J. |date=1991 |title=Anger Discomfort Scale |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/t06800-000 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t06800-000 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and positive beliefs about anger.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moeller |first=Stine Bjerrum |date=July 2016 |title=The Metacognitive Anger Processing (MAP) Scale: Preliminary Testing |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/behavioural-and-cognitive-psychotherapy/article/abs/metacognitive-anger-processing-map-scale-preliminary-testing/B1AF90EAD4C6873E8AF1EE676661CA4D |journal=Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy |language=en |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=504–509 |doi=10.1017/S1352465815000272 |pmid=26109253 |s2cid=22886296 |issn=1352-4658 |access-date=2023-04-22 |archive-date=2023-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422084403/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/behavioural-and-cognitive-psychotherapy/article/abs/metacognitive-anger-processing-map-scale-preliminary-testing/B1AF90EAD4C6873E8AF1EE676661CA4D |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some approaches even consider anger as being reciprocally related to frustration and hostility.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Birkley |first1=Erica L. |last2=Eckhardt |first2=Christopher I. |date=2015-04-01 |title=Anger, hostility, internalizing negative emotions, and intimate partner violence perpetration: A meta-analytic review |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |language=en |volume=37 |pages=40–56 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.002 |issn=0272-7358 |pmc=4385442 |pmid=25752947}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pawliczek |first1=Christina M. |last2=Derntl |first2=Birgit |last3=Kellermann |first3=Thilo |last4=Gur |first4=Ruben C. |last5=Schneider |first5=Frank |last6=Habel |first6=Ute |date=2013-10-18 |title=Anger under Control: Neural Correlates of Frustration as a Function of Trait Aggression |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=e78503 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0078503 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3799631 |pmid=24205247 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...878503P |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Trip |first1=Simona |last2=Bora |first2=Carmen Hortensia |last3=Roseanu |first3=Gabriel |last4=McMahon |first4=James |date=2021-06-01 |title=Anger, Frustration Intolerance, Global Evaluation of Human Worth and Externalizing Behaviors in Preadolescence |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-020-00369-w |journal=Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=238–255 |doi=10.1007/s10942-020-00369-w |s2cid=254699356 |issn=1573-6563|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 2023, a study<ref name="Maltby-2022" /> revealed that the relationships between 46 subscales of publicly available self-report measures of anger suggest five primary factors. These factors suggest a model of five key dimensions to anger; anger-arousal, anger-rumination, frustration-discomfort, anger-regulation, and socially constituted anger.<ref name="Maltby-2022" /> The proposed five-factor model is based on various theoretical contexts and provides a useful framework for examining the distinct domains of anger.<ref name="Maltby-2022" /> * Anger-arousal, which acknowledges the commonly observed existence of anger expressions in everyday life.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Beames |first1=Joanne R. |last2=O’Dean |first2=Siobhan M. |last3=Grisham |first3=Jessica R. |last4=Moulds |first4=Michelle L. |last5=Denson |first5=Thomas F. |date=May 2019 |title=Anger regulation in interpersonal contexts: Anger experience, aggressive behavior, and cardiovascular reactivity |journal=Journal of Social and Personal Relationships |language=en |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=1441–1458 |doi=10.1177/0265407518819295 |s2cid=150663606 |issn=0265-4075 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This domain highlights the tendency for frequent and intense anger experiences and offers a means to examine how anger can represent an individual's stable and predictable responses to different situations.<ref name="Maltby-2022" /> * Anger-rumination, which centers around the cognitive and emotional processes that occur within an individual regarding anger and the cognitive appraisals and action tendencies in response to perceived wrong-doings.<ref name="Sukhodolsky-2001" /> This domain offers an opportunity to examine anger within the broader context of rumination and explore how metacognitive beliefs about emotional stress, like anger, can lead to behavioral and emotional dysregulation, such as depression.<ref name="Maltby-2022" /> * Frustration-discomfort, which reflects measures that are tailored to Rational-Emotive Behavior Theory,<ref name="Ellis" /> which explore absolutistic and demand-related beliefs related to entitlement, achievement, and alleviating discomfort.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harrington |first=Neil |date=September 2005 |title=The Frustration Discomfort Scale: development and psychometric properties |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpp.465 |journal=Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy |language=en |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=374–387 |doi=10.1002/cpp.465 |issn=1063-3995 |access-date=2023-04-22 |archive-date=2023-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422085905/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpp.465 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This domain provides an opportunity to examine how our cognitive beliefs give rise to expressions of anger.<ref name="Maltby-2022" /> * Anger-regulation, which reflects cognitive strategies or processes that modify the expression and experience of anger.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Gilam |first1=Gadi |title=Deconstructing Anger in the Human Brain |date=2017 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2015_408 |work=Social Behavior from Rodents to Humans: Neural Foundations and Clinical Implications |pages=257–273 |editor-last=Wöhr |editor-first=Markus |access-date=2023-04-22 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/7854_2015_408 |isbn=978-3-319-47429-8 |last2=Hendler |first2=Talma |volume=30 |pmid=26695163 |editor2-last=Krach |editor2-first=Sören|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This domain provides a chance to examine coping strategies, such as avoidance, seeking distraction, and downplaying, which are common ways of managing stressful situations related to anger.<ref name="Kubiak 1–13"/> * Socially constituted anger, which takes a socially constructed perspective on anger, and views anger as operating within social dominance and conflict dynamics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Averill |first=James R. |date=1983 |title=Studies on anger and aggression: Implications for theories of emotion. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0003-066X.38.11.1145 |journal=American Psychologist |language=en |volume=38 |issue=11 |pages=1145–1160 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.38.11.1145 |pmid=6650969 |issn=1935-990X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Craig A. |last2=Bushman |first2=Brad J. |date=February 2002 |title=Human Aggression |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231 |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |language=en |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=27–51 |doi=10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231 |pmid=11752478 |s2cid=227846 |issn=0066-4308 |access-date=2023-04-22 |archive-date=2022-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126071215/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This approach recognizes that the recognition of anger in others can reveal their possible motivations and highlight potential disagreements between individuals' values; particularly in terms of within the protection and enhancement of the self, social norms, and the extent to which anger is constructed via joint understandings of the world.<ref name="Maltby-2022" /> The study<ref name="Maltby-2022" /> suggests a number of existing subscales that can be used to measure these five domains of anger.
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