Editing Associate degree (section)

===United Kingdom===
The title of ''Associate in Physical Science'' (''Associate in Science'' (ASc) from 1879) was introduced in 1865 by the [[University of Durham]] [[Edward Fenwick Boyd#College of Physical Science|College of Physical Sciences]] (now [[Newcastle University]]) and awarded from 1873.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-YEAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA128|title=The Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science|volume=XXXVI|page=128|date=1877|author=William Crookes}}</ref><ref name=Eells1963>{{cite book|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015070539849&view=1up&seq=108|pages=94–95|title=Degrees in Higher Education|author= Walter Crosby Eells|series=Library of education, a project of the Center for Applied Research in Education| publisher=Center for Applied Research in Education|year=1963}}</ref>
It required (in 1884) passes in three of mathematics, physics, chemistry and geology, and allowed students to go on to take the examination for the Bachelor of Science.<ref>{{cite book|year=1884|title=The Durham College of Science Calendar: Session 1884–1885|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-INAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA13|pages=13, 24|last1=Univ|first1=Newcastle-Upon-Tyne}}</ref> As a university-level qualification lying below the bachelor's degree, this is considered to be the world's first associate degree in the modern sense, having been first awarded 25 years prior to the introduction of associate degrees into the US by the [[University of Chicago]].<ref name=Eells1963/><ref>{{cite book|author=Arthur Levine|year=1978|title=Handbook on undergraduate curriculum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udueAAAAMAAJ&q=%22associate+degree%22+durham+1870s|publisher=Jossey-Bass Publishers|isbn=978-0-87589-376-1|page=158|quote=The world's first associate's degree, the associate in science, was awarded by England's University of Durham in 1873. The University of Chicago awarded the first American associate's degree in 1898. It offered associate in arts, associate in literature, and associate in science degrees.}}</ref> The ASc was withdrawn in 1904.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://reed.dur.ac.uk/xtf/view?&docId=bookreader%2FDU_Calendars%2F1919-20%2Fducal1920METS.xml&hit.rank=1#page/555/mode/1up|title=Durham University Calendar 1919–1920|page=555}}</ref> Durham also introduced an ''Associate in Theology'' (ATh) in 1901, which was only offered in 1901 and 1902.<ref>{{cite book|page=262|title= The University of Durham 1832–1932|year=1932|author=C.E. Whiting|publisher=Sheldon Press}}</ref> Yorkshire College (now the [[University of Leeds]]) offered ''Associate in Engineering'' and ''Associate in Coal Mining'' degrees from 1877 and there were thirteen different types of associate degrees offered in British universities in 1927.<ref name=Eells1963/>

The title of ''Associate in Arts'', introduced by the [[University of Oxford]] in 1857 and sometimes referred to as the degree of Associate in Arts, predates the Durham degree. However, it was an examination for "those who are not members of the university" and who were under the age of 18; as such it was at the level of a high school qualification rather than a modern associate degree. Examinations were held in English, languages, mathematics, science, drawing and music, with the title being conferred on those students who passed any two (as long as the two were not drawing and music).<ref>{{cite book
|author=Thomas Acland|author-link=Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 11th Baronet|year=1858
|title=Some Account of the Origin and Objects of the New Oxford Examinations for the Title of Associate in Arts, and Certificates for the Year 1858|url=https://archive.org/details/someaccountofori00acla
|publisher=J. Ridgway}}</ref>

British equivalents to associate degrees vary depending on the national system which issued them. Based on assessment by the UK [[NARIC]], American and Canadian associate degrees are considered equivalent to one year higher education courses such as the [[Higher National Certificate]] at level 4 of the British [[National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom#Higher education qualifications|Framework for Higher Education Qualifications]]. Australian associate degrees, however, are considered equivalent to two-year higher education courses such as the [[Higher National Diploma]] at level 5 on the framework.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedesignecademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/NARIC-SummaryGuideToHNCHNDQualifications.pdf| title=Summary guide to HNC and HND qualifications|access-date=22 January 2016}}</ref>