Editing Behavioral ecology (section)

===Brood parasitism===
{{Main|Brood parasite}}
[[File:Reed warbler cuckoo.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Adult [[reed warbler]] feeding a common cuckoo chick]]
Some animals [[Deception in animals|deceive other species]] into providing all parental care. These brood parasites selfishly exploit their hosts' parents and host offspring. The [[common cuckoo]] is a well known example of a brood parasite. Female cuckoos lay a single egg in the nest of the host species and when the cuckoo chick hatches, it ejects all the host eggs and young. Other examples of brood parasites include [[honeyguides]], [[cowbirds]], and the [[large blue butterfly]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spottiswoode |first1=C. N. |last2=Stevens |first2=M. |title=Visual modelling shows that avian host parents use multiple visual cues in rejecting parasitic eggs |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |year=2010 |issue=19 |pages=8672–8676 |bibcode=2010PNAS..107.8672S |volume=107 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0910486107 |pmid=20421497 |pmc=2889299|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kliner|first1=R.M.|title=Brood parasitic cowbird nestlings use host young to procure resources|journal=Science|year=2004|issue=5685|pages=877–879|bibcode=2004Sci...305..877K|last2=Madden|first2=Joah R.|last3=Hauber|first3=Mark E.|volume=305|doi=10.1126/science.1098487|pmid=15297677|s2cid=30084518}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Thomas|first1=J.A.|title=Butterfly mimics of ants|journal=Nature|year=2004|issue=7015|pages=283–284|doi=10.1038/432283a|last2=Settele|first2=Josef|volume=432|bibcode = 2004Natur.432..283T|pmid=15549080|s2cid=4379000|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Brood parasite offspring have many strategies to induce their host parents to invest parental care. Studies show that the common cuckoo uses vocal mimicry to reproduce the sound of multiple hungry host young to solicit more food.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Davies|first=N.B.|title=Cuckoo adaptations: trickery and tuning|journal=Journal of Zoology |year=2011|volume=281|pages=1–14|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00810.x |doi-access=free}}</ref>  Other cuckoos use visual deception with their wings to exaggerate the begging display. False gapes from brood parasite offspring cause host parents to collect more food.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tanaka|first=K. D.|author2=Ueda, K. |title=Horsfield's hawk-cuckoo nestlings simulate multiple gapes for begging |journal=Science |year=2005 |issue=5722 |page=653|doi=10.1126/science.1109957|volume=308 |pmid=15860618|s2cid=42439025}}</ref> Another example of a brood parasite is ''Phengaris'' butterflies such as  ''[[Phengaris rebeli]]'' and ''[[Phengaris arion]]'', which differ from the cuckoo in that the butterflies do not oviposit directly in the nest of the host, an ant species ''[[Myrmica schencki]]''.<ref name="Akino">{{cite journal|last=Akino|first=T|author2=J. J. Knapp |author3=J. A. Thomas|author4=G. W. Elmes|title=Chemical mimicry and host specificity in the butterfly ''Maculinea rebeli'', a social parasite of Myrmica ant colonies|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |year=1999 |volume=266 |issue=1427 |pages=1419–1426 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1999.0796|pmc=1690087}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Thomas|first=Jeremy |author2=Karsten Schönrogge |author3=Simona Bonelli |author4=Francesca Barbero |author5=Emilio Balletto |title=Corruption of ant acoustical signals by mimetic social parasites |journal=Communicative and Integrative Biology |year=2010|volume=3|issue=2|pages=169–171 |doi=10.4161/cib.3.2.10603 |pmid=20585513|pmc=2889977}}</ref> Rather, the butterfly larvae release chemicals that deceive the ants into believing that they are ant larvae, causing the ants to bring the butterfly larvae back to their own nests to feed them.<ref name="Akino"/><ref name=":0"/> Other examples of brood parasites are ''[[Polistes sulcifer]]'', a paper wasp that has lost the ability to build its own nests so females lay their eggs in the nest of a host species, ''[[Polistes dominula]]'', and rely on the host workers to take care of their brood,<ref name="Dapporto">{{cite journal|last1=Dapporto|first1=L.|last2=Cervo|first2=R.|last3=Sledge|first3=M. F.|last4=Turillazzi|first4=S.|title=Rank integration in dominance hierarchies of host colonies by the paper wasp social parasite ''Polistes sulcifer'' (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |date=2004 |volume=50 |issue=2–3 |pages=217–223 |doi=10.1016/j.jinsphys.2003.11.012 |pmid=15019524 }}</ref> as well as ''[[Bombus bohemicus]],'' a bumblebee that relies on host workers of various other ''[[Bumblebee|Bombus]]'' species.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kreuter | first1 = Kirsten | last2 = Bunk | first2 = Elfi | year = 2011 | title = How the social parasitic bumblebee ''Bombus bohemicus'' sneaks into power of reproduction | journal = Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | volume = 66 | issue = 3| pages = 475–486 | doi = 10.1007/s00265-011-1294-z | s2cid = 7124725 }}</ref> Similarly, in ''[[Eulaema meriana]]'', some Leucospidae wasps exploit the brood cells and nest for shelter and food from the bees.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Nest Architecture and Nesting Ecology of the Orchid Bee ''Eulaema meriana'' (Hymenoptera: Apinae: Euglossini) |journal = Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society|date = 2001-07-01|pages = 142–165|volume = 74|issue = 3|first1 = Sydney A.|last1 = Cameron |first2 = Santiago |last2 = Ramírez |jstor=25086012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Burrow sharing and nest transfer in the digger wasp ''Philanthus gibbosus'' (Fabricius)|journal = Animal Behaviour|pages = 302–308|volume = 21 |issue = 2 |doi = 10.1016/s0003-3472(73)80071-5|first = Howard E.|last = Evans |year=1973}}</ref> ''[[Vespula austriaca]]'' is another wasp in which the females force the host workers to feed and take care of the brood.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = A North American Host of the Yellowjacket Social Parasite Vespula austriaca (Panzer) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)|last1 = Reed|first1 = H. C.|date = 1979|journal = Entomological News|last2 = Akre|first2 = R. D.|issue = 2|volume = 90|pages = 110–113|last3 = Garnett|first3 = W. B.}}</ref> In particular, ''[[Bombus hyperboreus]]'', an Arctic bee species, is also classified as a brood parasite in that it attacks and enslaves other species within their subgenus, ''Alpinobombus'' to propagate their population.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Gjershaug | first1 = Jan Ove | year = 2009 | title = The social parasite bumblebee ''Bombus hyperboreus'' Schönherr, 1809 usurp nest of ''Bombus balteatus'' Dahlbom, 1832 (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in Norway | journal = Norwegian Journal of Entomology | volume = 56 | issue = 1| pages = 28–31 }}</ref>