Editing Biosensor (section)

===Others===
[[Piezoelectric]] sensors utilise crystals which undergo an elastic deformation when an electrical potential is applied to them. An alternating potential (A.C.) produces a standing wave in the crystal at a characteristic frequency. This frequency is highly dependent on the elastic properties of the crystal, such that if a crystal is coated with a biological recognition element the binding of a (large) target analyte to a receptor will produce a change in the resonance frequency, which gives a binding signal. In a mode that uses surface acoustic waves (SAW), the sensitivity is greatly increased. This is a specialised application of the [[quartz crystal microbalance]] as a biosensor

[[Electrochemiluminescence]] (ECL) is nowadays a leading technique in biosensors.<ref>{{cite journal |url= |title= Insights into the mechanism of coreactant electrochemiluminescence facilitating enhanced bioanalytical performance. |year=2020 |last1= Zanut |first1=A. |last2= Fiorani |first2=A. |last3= Canola |first3=S. |last4= Saito |first4=T. |last5= Ziebart |first5=N. |last6=Rapino |first6=S. |last7= Rebeccani |first7=S. |last8= Barbon |first8=A. |last9= Irie |first9=T. |last10= Josel |first10=H. |last11= Negri |first11=F. |last12= Marcaccio |first12=M. |last13= Windfuhr |first13=M. |last14= Imai |first14=K. |last15= Valenti |first15=G. |last16= Paolucci |first16=F.  |journal= Nat. Commun. |volume=11 |issue= 1 |pages=2668 |doi= 10.1038/s41467-020-16476-2|pmid= 32472057 |pmc= 7260178 |bibcode= 2020NatCo..11.2668Z |s2cid= 218977697 }}</ref><ref name="Forster">{{cite journal |vauthors=Forster RJ, Bertoncello P, Keyes TE | title=Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence | journal=Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry | year=2009 | pages=359–85| volume=2 | pmid=20636067 | doi=10.1146/annurev-anchem-060908-155305|bibcode = 2009ARAC....2..359F }}</ref><ref name="Valenti">{{cite journal |vauthors=Valenti G, Fiorani A, Li H, Sojic N, Paolucci F | title=Essential Role of Electrode Materials in Electrochemiluminescence Applications | journal=ChemElectroChem | year=2016 | pages=1990–1997| volume=3 | issue=12 | doi= 10.1002/celc.201600602 | hdl=11585/591485 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> Since the excited species are produced with an electrochemical stimulus rather than with a light excitation source, ECL displays improved signal-to-noise ratio compared to photoluminescence, with minimized effects due to light scattering and luminescence background. In particular, coreactant ECL operating in buffered aqueous solution in the region of positive potentials (oxidative-reduction mechanism) definitively boosted ECL for immunoassay, as confirmed by many research applications and, even more, by the presence of important companies which developed commercial hardware for high throughput immunoassays analysis in a market worth billions of dollars each year.

Thermometric biosensors are rare.