Editing Chechen language (section)

===Noun classes===
Chechen nouns are divided into six lexically arbitrary [[noun class]]es.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RtyhAwAAQBAJ&q=chechen+noun+classes&pg=PA8|title=Chechen-English English-Chechen Dictionary and Phrasebook|first1=Nicholas|last1=Awde|first2=Muhammad|last2=Galaev|date=22 May 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136802331|via=Google Books}}</ref> Morphologically, noun classes may be indexed by changes in the prefix of the accompanying verb and, in many cases, the adjective too. The first two of these classes apply to human beings, although some grammarians count these as two and some as a single class; the other classes however are much more lexically arbitrary. Chechen noun classes are named according to the prefix that indexes them:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Noun class 
!Noun example!! Singular prefix !! Plural prefix 
!Singular agreement
!Plural agreement
|-
| 1. v-class
|{{Transliteration|ce|k'ant}} {{gloss|boy}} || {{Transliteration|ce|'''v-'''}} || rowspan="2" | '''{{Transliteration|ce|b-}}/{{Transliteration|ce|d-}}''' 
|{{Transliteration|ce|k'ant '''v-'''eza '''v-'''u}} {{gloss|the boy is heavy}}
|{{Transliteration|ce|k'entii '''d-'''eza '''d-'''u}} {{gloss|the boys are heavy}}
|-
| 2. y-class
|{{Transliteration|ce|zuda}} {{gloss|woman}} || {{Transliteration|ce|'''y-'''}} 
|{{Transliteration|ce|zuda '''y'''-eza '''y'''-u}} {{gloss|the woman is heavy}}
|{{Transliteration|ce|zudari '''b-'''eza '''b-'''u}} {{gloss|the women are heavy}}
|-
| 3. y-class II 
|{{Transliteration|ce|ph'āgal}} {{gloss|rabbit}} || colspan="2" | {{Transliteration|ce|'''y-'''}}
|{{Transliteration|ce|ph'āgal '''y'''-eza '''y'''-u}} {{gloss|the rabbit is heavy}}
|{{Transliteration|ce|ph'āgalash '''y'''-eza '''y'''-u}} {{gloss|the rabbits are heavy}}
|-
| 4. d-class 
|{{Transliteration|ce|naž}} {{gloss|oak}} || colspan="2" | {{Transliteration|ce|'''d-'''}}
|{{Transliteration|ce|naž '''d'''-eza '''d'''-u}} {{gloss|the oak is heavy}}
|{{Transliteration|ce|niežnash '''d'''-eza '''d'''-u}} {{gloss|the oaks are heavy}}
|-
| 5. b-class 
|{{Transliteration|ce|mangal}} {{gloss|scythe}} || rowspan="2" | {{Transliteration|ce|'''b-'''}} || '''{{Transliteration|ce|b-/Ø-}}'''
|{{Transliteration|ce|mangal '''b-'''eza '''b-'''u}} {{gloss|the scythe is heavy}}
|{{Transliteration|ce|mangalash '''b-'''eza '''b-'''u}} {{gloss|the scythes are heavy}}
|-
| 6. b-class II 
|{{Transliteration|ce|ˤaž}} {{gloss|apple}}|| {{Transliteration|ce|'''d-'''}} 
|{{Transliteration|ce|ˤaž '''b-'''eza '''b'''-u}} {{gloss|the apple is heavy}}
|{{Transliteration|ce|ˤežash '''d-'''eza '''d-'''u}} {{gloss|the apples are heavy}}
|}

When a noun denotes a human being, it usually falls into v- or y-Classes (1 or 2). Most nouns referring to male entities fall into the v-class, whereas Class 2 contains words related to female entities. Thus {{Transliteration|ce|lūlaxuo}} {{gloss|a neighbour}} is normally considered class 1, but it takes {{Transliteration|ce|v-}} if referring to a male neighbour and {{Transliteration|ce|y-}} if a female. This is similar to the Spanish word {{lang|es|estudiante}} {{gloss|student}}, where {{lang|es|el estudiante}} refers to a male student, and {{lang|es|la estudiante}} refers to a female student.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://dle.rae.es/estudiante|entry=estudiante |dictionary=Diccionario de la lengua española |lang=es |edition=23.7 |date=November 2023 |access-date=2024-05-10 |publisher=[[Real Academia Española]] |title=Estudiante &#124; Diccionario de la lengua española }}</ref>

In a few words, changing the prefixes before the nouns indicates grammatical gender; thus: {{lang|ce|vоsha}} {{gloss|brother}} → {{Transliteration|ce|yisha}} {{gloss|sister}}. Some nouns denoting human beings, however, are not in Classes 1 or 2: {{Transliteration|ce|bēr}} {{gloss|child}}, for example, is in class 3.

====Classed adjectives====
Only a few of Chechen's adjectives index noun class agreement, termed ''classed adjectives'' in the literature. Classed adjectives are listed with the d-class prefix in the romanizations below:<ref name=DottonWagner>{{Cite web|title=A Grammar of Chechen|last1=Dotton|first1=Zura|last2=Wagner|first2=John Doyle|url=https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/file-attachments/chechen-grammar.original.pdf|publisher=Duke University, Slavic Centers|access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref>
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|деза}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-eza}}): 'heavy' 
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|довха}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-ouxa}}): 'hot' 
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|деха}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-iexa}}): 'long' 
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|дуькъа}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-yq’a}}): 'thick' 
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|дораха}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-oraxa}}): 'cheap' 
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|дерстана}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-erstana}}): 'fat' 
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|дуьткъа}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-ytq’a}}): 'thin' 
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|доца}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-oca}}): 'short' 
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|дайн}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-ain}}): 'light' 
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|дуьзна}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-yzna}}): 'full' 
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|даьржана}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-aerzhana}}): 'spread' 
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|доккха}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-oqqa}}): 'large/big/old'