Editing Cleft lip and cleft palate (section)

==== Other surgeries ====
[[Orthognathic surgery]] – surgical cutting of bone to realign the upper jaw ([[osteotomy]]). The bone is cut then re-positioned and held together by wires or rigid fixation plates to ensure there's no anterior-posterior discrepancy, also to reduce scarring as it reduces growth. Single piece or multi-piece osteotomy exist. Single piece osteotomy is carried out where there is sufficient alveolar continuity achieved from a successful bone graft. Multi piece osteotomy is performed when there is a notable residual alveolar defect with a dental gap and oronasal fistula (communication between the oral and nasal cavities). The goal of both single and multi piece osteotomy is to displace the maxilla forward to obtain adequate occlusion as well to provide better support for upper lip and the nose and to close any [[fistula]]e.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kloukos D, Fudalej P, Sequeira-Byron P, Katsaros C | title = Maxillary distraction osteogenesis versus orthognathic surgery for cleft lip and palate patients | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 8 | issue = 8 | pages = CD010403 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 30095853 | pmc = 6513261 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD010403.pub3 }}</ref>

[[Distraction osteogenesis]] – bone lengthening by gradual distraction. This involves cutting bone and moving ends apart incrementally to allow new bone to form in the gap. This consists of several phases. After attachment of the distracting device and the bone cuts, there is a latency phase of 3–7 days when a [[Callus (cell biology)|callus]] forms. In the activation phase distraction of the callus induces bony ingrowth which can last up to 15 days depending on the required distraction. Once the required bone length is reached, the distraction device is left to remain in situ as it acts as a rigid skeletal fixation device until the new bone has matured (known as the consolidation period).<ref name=":2" />