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Consonant mutation
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=== Dholuo === The [[Dholuo language]] (one of the [[Luo languages]]) shows alternations between voiced and voiceless states of the final consonant of a noun stem.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stafford |first=R. |title=The Luo language |location=Nairobi |publisher=Longmans |year=1967}}</ref> In the [[construct state]] (the form that means 'hill of', 'stick of', etc.) the voicing of the final consonant is switched from the absolute state. (There are also often [[apophony|vowel alternations]] that are independent of consonant mutation.) *{{IPA|ɡɔ'''t'''}} 'hill' (abs.), go'''d''' (const.) *{{IPA|lʊ'''θ'''}} 'stick' (abs.), lu'''ð''' (const.) *{{IPA|kɪ'''d'''o}} 'appearance' (abs.), ki'''t''' (const.) *{{IPA|tʃo'''ɡ'''o}} 'bone' (abs.), {{IPA|tʃo'''k'''}} (const.) *bu'''k''' 'book' (abs.), bu'''g''' (const.) *{{IPA|kɪta'''b'''u}} 'book' (abs.), {{IPA|kɪta'''p'''}} (const.)
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