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Dacian language
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====1st century AD==== Around 20 [[Anno Domini|AD]], [[Strabo]] wrote the ''Geographica'' that provides information regarding the extent of regions inhabited by the Dacians.{{sfn|Strabo|Jones|Sterrett|1917–1961|p=28}} On its basis, Lengyel and Radan (1980), Hoddinott (1981) and Mountain (1998) consider that the Geto-Dacians inhabited both sides of the [[Tisza]] river before the rise of the Celtic Boii and again after the latter were defeated by the Dacians.{{sfn|Taylor|2001|p=215}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Strabo|loc=VII.3.1}}: "As for the southern part of Germany beyond the Albis, the portion which is just contiguous to that river is occupied by the Suevi; then immediately adjoining this is the land of the Getae, which, though narrow at first, stretching as it does along the Ister on its southern side and on the opposite side along the mountain-side of the Hercynian Forest (for the land of the Getae also embraces a part of the mountains), afterwards broadens out towards the north as far as the Tyregetae; but I cannot tell the precise boundaries."}}{{sfn|Strabo|loc=V.1.6; VII.1.3; VII.5.2}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Lengyel|Radan|Barkóczi|Bónis|1980|p=87}} "No matter where the Boii first settled after they left Italia, however, when they arrived at the Danube they had to fight the Dacians who held the entire territory — or at least part of it. Strabo tells us that later animosity between the Dacians and the Boii stemmed from the fact that the Dacians demanded the land from the latter which the Dacians pretended to have possessed earlier."}} The hold of the Dacians between the Danube and the Tisza appears to have been tenuous.{{sfn|Lengyel|Radan|Barkóczi|Bónis|1980|p=87}} However, the Hungarian archaeologist Parducz (1856) argued for a Dacian presence west of the Tisza dating from the time of Burebista.{{sfn|Ehrich|1970|p=228}} According to [[Tacitus]] (AD 56 – AD 117) Dacians were bordering Germany in the south-east while Sarmatians bordered it in the east.{{efn|{{harvnb|Gruen|2011|p=204}} Germany as a whole is separated from the Gauls and from the Raetians and Pannonians by the rivers Rhine and Danube, from the Sarmatians and Dacians by mutual fear or mountains; the ocean surrounds the rest of it.}} In the 1st century AD, the [[Iazyges]] settled in the west of Dacia, on the plain between the Danube and the Tisza rivers, according to some scholars' interpretation of [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]]'s text: "The higher parts between the Danube and the Hercynian Forest (Black Forest) as far as the winter quarters of Pannonia at Carnuntum and the plains and level country of the German frontiers there are occupied by the Sarmatian Iazyges, while the Dacians whom they have driven out hold the mountains and forests as far as the river Theiss".{{sfn|Hrushevskyi|1997|p=93}}{{sfn|Bosworth|1980|p=60}}{{sfn|Pliny the Elder|p=179}}{{sfn|Carnap-Bornheim|2003|p=228}}{{sfn|Shelley|1997|p=10}} Archaeological sources indicate that the local Celto-Dacian population retained its specificity as late as the 3rd century AD.{{sfn|Mielczarek|1989|p=13}} Archaeological finds dated to the 2nd century AD, after the Roman conquest, indicate that during that period, vessels found in some of the Iazygian cemeteries reveal fairly strong Dacian influence, according to Mocsy.{{sfn|Mocsy|1974|p=95}} M. Párducz (1956) and Z. Visy (1971) reported a concentration of Dacian-style finds in the Cris-Mures-Tisza region and in the Danube bend area near Budapest. These maps of finds remain valid today, but they have been complemented with additional finds that cover a wider area, particularly the interfluvial region between the Danube and Tisza.{{sfn|Toma|2007|p=65}} However, this interpretation has been invalidated by late 20th-century archaeology, which has discovered Sarmatian settlements and burial sites all over the Hungarian Plain on both sides of the Tisza, e.g., Gyoma in south-eastern Hungary and Nyiregyhaza in north-eastern Hungary.{{citation needed|date=June 2011}} The ''Barrington Atlas'' shows the Iazyges occupying both sides of Tisza (map 20).
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