Editing Developing country (section)

=== Healthcare and public health ===
The status of healthcare that the general public can access is substantially different between developing countries and developed countries.<ref name=":11">{{cite journal|last1=Alhaji|first1=Mohammed M.|last2=Alam|first2=Sartaj|date=21 March 2019|title=Health Policy and System Research in Global South: Bridging the Gap through Citizen Participation|url=http://ejournalsystem.net/index.php/jpmi/article/view/2474|journal=Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute|volume=33|issue=1|access-date=23 September 2020|archive-date=2 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002001218/http://ejournalsystem.net/index.php/jpmi/article/view/2474|url-status=dead}}</ref> People in developing countries usually have a lower [[life expectancy]] than people in developed countries, reflecting both lower income levels and poorer public health.<ref name=":12">{{cite journal |last1=Jetter |first1=Michael |last2=Laudage |first2=Sabine |last3=Stadelmann |first3=David |title=The Intimate Link Between Income Levels and Life Expectancy: Global Evidence from 213 Years |journal=Social Science Quarterly |date=June 2019 |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=1387–1403 |doi=10.1111/ssqu.12638 |hdl=10419/145149 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":13">{{cite journal |last1=Rogers |first1=R. G. |last2=Wofford |first2=S. |title=Life expectancy in less developed countries: socioeconomic development or public health? |journal=Journal of Biosocial Science |date=April 1989 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=245–252 |doi=10.1017/s0021932000017934 |pmid=2722920 }}</ref><ref name=":14">{{cite journal |last1=Freeman |first1=Toby |last2=Gesesew |first2=Hailay Abrha |last3=Bambra |first3=Clare |last4=Giugliani |first4=Elsa Regina Justo |last5=Popay |first5=Jennie |last6=Sanders |first6=David |last7=Macinko |first7=James |last8=Musolino |first8=Connie |last9=Baum |first9=Fran |title=Why do some countries do better or worse in life expectancy relative to income? An analysis of Brazil, Ethiopia, and the United States of America |journal=International Journal for Equity in Health |date=10 November 2020 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=202 |doi=10.1186/s12939-020-01315-z |pmid=33168040 |pmc=7654592 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The burden of infectious diseases,<ref name=":15">{{cite journal |last1=Fauci |first1=A. S. |title=Infectious Diseases: Considerations for the 21st Century |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=1 March 2001 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=675–685 |doi=10.1086/319235 |pmid=11229834 }}</ref> [[Maternal death|maternal mortality]],<ref name=":16">{{cite journal |last1=Declercq |first1=Eugene |last2=Zephyrin |first2=Laurie |title=Maternal Mortality in the United States: A Primer |url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-brief-report/2020/dec/maternal-mortality-united-states-primer |website=Commonwealth Fund |date=16 December 2020 |doi=10.26099/ta1q-mw24 |access-date=14 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323202309/https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-brief-report/2020/dec/maternal-mortality-united-states-primer |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":17">{{cite journal |last1=Girum |first1=Tadele |last2=Wasie |first2=Abebaw |title=Correlates of maternal mortality in developing countries: an ecological study in 82 countries |journal=Maternal Health, Neonatology and Perinatology |date=7 November 2017 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=19 |doi=10.1186/s40748-017-0059-8 |pmid=29142757 |pmc=5674830 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[child mortality]]<ref name=":18">{{cite web |last1=Mohsin |first1=Nazzina |last2=Keenan |first2=Laura |last3=Guo |first3=Jing |title=Latest child mortality estimates reveal world remains off track to meeting Sustainable Development Goals |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/12/20/latest-child-mortality-estimates-reveal-world-remains-off-track-to-meeting-sustainable-development-goals |website=World Bank |date=20 December 2021 |access-date=14 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414172358/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/12/20/latest-child-mortality-estimates-reveal-world-remains-off-track-to-meeting-sustainable-development-goals |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[infant mortality]]<ref name="MPG">{{cite web |title=In poor countries birth spacing affects infant mortality |url=https://www.mpg.de/13691716/birth-spacing-affects-infant-mortality |website=Max-Planck-Gesellschaft |date=5 July 2019 |access-date=14 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629163139/https://www.mpg.de/13691716/birth-spacing-affects-infant-mortality |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Molitoris">{{cite journal |last1=Molitoris |first1=Joseph |last2=Barclay |first2=Kieron |last3=Kolk |first3=Martin |title=When and Where Birth Spacing Matters for Child Survival: An International Comparison Using the DHS |journal=Demography |date=3 July 2019 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=1349–1370 |doi=10.1007/s13524-019-00798-y |pmid=31270780 |pmc=6667399 }}</ref> are typically substantially higher in those countries. Developing countries also have less access to medical health services generally,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peters |first1=David H. |last2=Garg |first2=Anu |last3=Bloom |first3=Gerry |last4=Walker |first4=Damian G. |last5=Brieger |first5=William R. |last6=Rahman |first6=M. Hafizur |title=Poverty and access to health care in developing countries |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |date=2008 |volume=1136 |issue=1 |pages=161–171 |doi=10.1196/annals.1425.011 |pmid=17954679 |bibcode=2008NYASA1136..161P |doi-access=free }}</ref> and are less likely to have the resources to purchase, produce and administer [[vaccine]]s, even though [[vaccine equity]] worldwide is important to combatting [[pandemic]]s, such as the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="Hotez">{{cite journal |last1=Hotez |first1=Peter J. |last2=Bottazzi |first2=Maria Elena |title=Whole Inactivated Virus and Protein-Based COVID-19 Vaccines |journal=Annual Review of Medicine |date=27 January 2022 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1146/annurev-med-042420-113212 |pmid=34637324 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[File:Hunger Map 2020 World Food Programme.svg|thumb|310px|Percentage of people with undernutrition by country, [[World Food Programme|World Food Program]], 2020<br />
{{Legend|#29b8c7|Under 2.5%}}
{{Legend|#16b484|2.5% – 5.0%}}
{{Legend|#fec960|5.0% – 14.9%}}
{{Legend|#f47846|15.0% – 24.9%}}
{{Legend|#f2203a|25.0% – 34.9%}}
{{Legend|#7f0928|Over 35.0%}}
{{Legend|#b5aba4|No data}}]]
[[Malnutrition|Undernutrition]] is more common in developing countries.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4CGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|title=World Hunger Routledge Introductions to Development| first = Liz | last = Young | name-list-style = vanc |date=2002|isbn=9781134774944|page=20|publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203136874 }}</ref> Certain groups have higher rates of undernutrition, including women – in particular while pregnant or [[breastfeeding]] – children under five years of age, and the elderly. [[Undernutrition in children|Malnutrition in children]] and [[stunted growth]] of children is the cause for more than 200 million children under five years of age in developing countries not reaching their developmental potential.<ref>Grantham-McGregor, Sally et al., the International Child Development Steering Group. "Developmental Potential in the First 5 Years for Children in Developing Countries." Lancet 369.9555 (2007): 60–70. PMC. Web. 28 November 2014.</ref> About 165&nbsp;million children were estimated to have stunted growth from malnutrition in 2013.<ref name=Bh2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bhutta ZA, Das JK, Rizvi A, Gaffey MF, Walker N, Horton S, Webb P, Lartey A, Black RE | title = Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost? | journal = Lancet | volume = 382 | issue = 9890 | pages = 452–477 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 23746776 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60996-4 }}</ref> In some developing countries, overnutrition in the form of [[obesity]] is beginning to present within the same communities as undernutrition.<ref>{{cite web|title=Progress For Children: A Report Card On Nutrition|url=http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Progress_for_Children_-_No._4.pdf|publisher=UNICEF|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112154958/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Progress_for_Children_-_No._4.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The following list shows the further significant environmentally-related causes or conditions, as well as certain diseases with a strong environmental component:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/heli/risks/ehindevcoun/en|title=Environment and health in developing countries|date=8 September 2016|website=Priority environment and health risks|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=14 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114002040/https://www.who.int/heli/risks/ehindevcoun/en/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Illness/[[disease]] ([[malaria]], [[tuberculosis]], [[AIDS]], etc.): Illness imposes high and regressive cost burdens on families in developing countries.<ref>Russel S. The economic burden of illness for households in developing countries: a review of studies focusing on malaria, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004</ref>
* Tropical and infectious diseases ([[neglected tropical diseases]])
* Unsafe [[drinking water]], poor [[sanitation]] and hygiene
* [[Indoor air pollution in developing nations]]
* Pollution (e.g. [[air pollution]], [[water pollution]])
* Motor vehicle collisions
* Unintentional poisoning
* Non communicable diseases and weak [[Health care|healthcare]] systems