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Fall of Constantinople
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==Primary sources== For the fall of Constantinople, [[Marios Philippides]] and Walter Hanak list 15 eyewitness accounts (13 Christian and 2 Turkish) and 20 contemporary non-eyewitness accounts (13 Italian).{{sfnp|Philippides|Hanak|2011|pp=10–46 (eyewitnesses), 46 (Greeks) and 88–91 (Turks)}} ===Eyewitness accounts=== # [[Mehmed Şems el-Mille ve'd Din]], Sufi holy man who gives an account in a letter # [[Tursun Beg]], wrote a history entitled ''Tarih-i Abu'l Fath'' # [[George Sphrantzes]], the only Greek eyewitness who wrote about it, but his laconic account is almost entirely lacking in narrative # [[Leonard of Chios]], wrote a report to Pope Nicholas V # [[Nicolò Barbaro]], physician on a Venetian galley who kept a journal # [[Angelino Giovanni Lomellini]], Genoese ''podestà'' of Pera who wrote a report dated 24 June 1453 # [[Jacopo Tetaldi]], Florentine merchant # [[Isidore of Kiev]], Eastern Catholic churchman who wrote eight letters to Italy # [[Benvenuto (Anconitan consul)|Benvenuto]], Anconitan consul in Constantinople # [[Ubertino Puscolo]], Italian poet learning Greek in the city, wrote an epic poem # [[Eparkhos and Diplovatatzes]], two refugees whose accounts has become garbled through multiple translations # [[Nestor Iskander]], youthful eyewitness who wrote a Slavonic account # [[Samile the Vladik]], bishop who, like Eparkhos and Diplovatatzes, fled as a refugee to [[Wallachia]] # [[Konstantin Mihailović]], Serbian who fought on the Ottoman side # a report by some [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] prisoners of war who later came to Bologna ===Non-eyewitness accounts=== # [[Doukas (historian)|Doukas]], a Byzantine Greek historian, one of the most important sources for the last decades and eventual fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottomans # [[Laonikos Chalkokondyles]], a Byzantine Greek historian # [[Michael Critobulus|Michael Kritoboulos]], a Byzantine Greek historian # [[Makarios Melissourgos]], 16th-century historian who augmented the account of Sphrantzes, not very reliably # [[Paolo Dotti]], Venetian official on Crete whose account is based on oral reports # Fra Girolamo's letter from Crete to [[Domenico Capranica]] # [[Lauro Quirini]], wrote a report to Pope Nicholas V from Crete based on oral reports # [[Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini]] (Pope Pius II), wrote an account based on written sources # [[Henry of Soemmern]], wrote a letter dated 11 September 1453 in which he cites his sources of information # [[Niccola della Tuccia]], whose ''Cronaca di Viterbo'' written in the autumn of 1453 contains unique information # [[Niccolò Tignosi da Foligno]], ''Expugnatio Constantinopolitana'', part of a letter to a friend # [[Filippo da Rimini]], ''Excidium Constantinopolitanae urbis quae quondam Bizantium ferebatur'' # [[Antonio Ivani da Sarzana]], ''Expugnatio Constantinopolitana'', part of a letter to the duke of Urbino # [[Nikolaos Sekoundinos]], read a report before the Venetian Senate, the Pope and the Neapolitan court # [[Giacomo Languschi]], whose account is embedded in the Venetian chronicle of [[Zorzi Dolfin]], had access to eyewitnesses # [[John Moskhos (15th century)|John Moskhos]], wrote a poem in honour of Loukas Notaras # [[Adamo di Montaldo]], ''De Constantinopolitano excidio ad nobilissimum iuvenem Melladucam Cicadam'', which contains unique information # [[Ashikpashazade]], included a chapter on the conquest in his ''Tarih-i al-i Osman''<ref name="Angold" /> # [[Neshri]], included a chapter on the conquest in his universal history<ref name="Angold" /> # [[Evliya Çelebi]], 17th-century traveller who collected local traditions of the conquest<ref name="Angold" />
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