Editing Flashbulb memory (section)

===Opposing evidence===

Studies have shown that flashbulb memories can result from non-surprising events,<ref name="Neisser"/> such as the [[Apollo 11|first Moon landing]],<ref>{{Cite journal 
| last1 = Winograd | first1 = Eugene 
| last2 = Killinger | first2 = William A. 
| doi = 10.1037/0096-3445.112.3.413 
| title = Relating age at encoding in early childhood to adult recall: Development of flashbulb memories 
| journal = Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 
| volume = 112 
| issue = 3 
| pages = 413–432
|date=September 1983 
}}</ref> and also from non-consequential events.  While Brown and Kulik defined flashbulb memories as memories of first learning about a shocking event, they expand their discussion to include personal events in which the memory is of the event itself.  Simply asking participants to retrieve vivid, autobiographical memories has been shown to produce memories that contain the six features of flashbulb memories.<ref name="Rubin"/> Therefore, it has been proposed that such memories be viewed as products of ordinary memory mechanisms.<ref name = "McCloskey"/>  Moreover, flashbulb memories have been shown to be susceptible to errors in reconstructive processes, specifically systematic bias.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wright|first=D. B.|title=Recall of the Hillsborough disaster over time: Systematic biases of 'flashbulb' memories|journal=Applied Cognitive Psychology|year=1993|volume=7|issue=2|pages=129–138 |doi=10.1002/acp.2350070205}}</ref> It has been suggested that flashbulb memories are not especially resistant to forgetting.<ref name="Neisser3">Neisser, U. & Harsch, N. (1992) in Affect and Accuracy in Recall: Studies of "Flashbulb" Memories, eds Winograd, E., Neisser, U (Cambridge University Press, New York), pp 9–32.</ref><ref name="Neisser U">{{Cite journal 
| last1 = Neisser | first1 = U. 
| last2 = Winograd | first2 = E. 
| last3 = Bergman | first3 = E. T. 
| last4 = Schreiber | first4 = C. A. 
| last5 = Palmer | first5 = S. E. 
| last6 = Weldon | first6 = M. S. 
| title = Remembering the earthquake: direct experience vs. hearing the news 
| doi = 10.1080/096582196388898 
| journal = Memory 
| volume = 4 
| issue = 4 
| pages = 337–357 
|date=July 1996
| pmid = 8817459 
}}</ref><ref name= "Talarico"/> A number of studies suggest that flashbulb memories are not especially accurate, but that they are experienced with great vividness and confidence.<ref name="Neisser U"/><ref name="Talarico"/>  Therefore, it is argued that it  may be more precise to define flashbulb memories as extremely vivid autobiographical memories.  Although they are often memories of learning about a shocking public event, they are not limited to such events, and not all memories of learning about shocking public events produce flashbulb memories.<ref>Larsen, S. F. (1992). "Affect and Accuracy in Recall: Studies of ''Flashbulb'' Memories", eds Winograd, E., Neisser, U. 43–48, Cambridge University Press, New York</ref>