Editing Genetic testing (section)

==Children and religion==

Three to five percent of the funding available for the [[Human Genome Project]] was set aside to study the many [[ELSI|social, ethical, and legal implications]] that will result from the better understanding of human heredity the rapid expansion of genetic risk assessment by genetic testing which would be facilitated by this project.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Andrews LB, Fullarton JE, Holtzman NA, Motulsky AG |title=Assessing Genetic Risks: Implications for Health and Social Policy |series=The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health |date=1994 |publisher=[[Institute of Medicine]] |pmid=25144102 |isbn=0-309-04798-6 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK236042/ |access-date=3 October 2021}}</ref>

===Pediatric genetic testing===
The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (AAP) and the [[American College of Medical Genetics]] (ACMG) have provided new guidelines for the ethical issue of [[pediatrics|pediatric]] genetic testing and [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] of children in the United States.<ref name=Time2013>{{cite magazine|last1=Rochman|first1=Bonnie|title=New Guidelines for Genetic Testing in Children|url=https://healthland.time.com/2013/02/21/new-guidelines-for-genetic-testing-in-children/|magazine=Time|date=February 21, 2013}}</ref><ref name=2013Policy>{{cite journal | title = Ethical and policy issues in genetic testing and screening of children | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 131 | issue = 3 | pages = 620–622 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 23428972 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2012-3680 | s2cid = 42535260 | doi-access = free | quote = All policy statements from the American Academy of Pediatrics automatically expire 5 years after publication unless reaffirmed, revised, or retired at or before that time | vauthors = Fallat ME, Katz AL, Mercurio MR, Moon MR, Okun AL, Webb SA, Weise KL, Saul RA, Braddock SR, Chen E, Freedenberg DL, Jones MC, Perrin JM, Tarini BA, David KL, Bartoshesky LE, Anderson RR, Best RG, Hoffman JD, Ito M, Lemke AA, Murray ML, Sharp RR, Bhambhani V }}</ref>  Their guidelines state that performing pediatric genetic testing should be in the best interest of the child. AAP and ACMG recommend holding off on genetic testing for late-onset conditions until adulthood, unless diagnosing genetic disorders during childhood can reduce morbidity or mortality (e.g., to start early intervention). Testing asymptomatic children who are at risk of childhood onset conditions can also be warranted.
Both AAP and ACMG discourage the use of [[direct-to-consumer]] and home kit genetic tests because of concerns regarding the accuracy, interpretation and oversight of test content.
Guidelines also state that parents or guardians should be encouraged to inform their child of the results from the genetic test if the minor is of appropriate age. For ethical and legal reasons, health care providers should be cautious in providing minors with predictive genetic testing without the involvement of parents or guardians. Within the guidelines set by AAP and ACMG, health care providers have an obligation to inform parents or guardians on the implication of test results.
AAP and ACMG state that any type of predictive genetic testing should be offered with [[genetic counseling]] by [[clinical genetics]], [[genetic counselors]] or health care providers.<ref name=2013Policy/>

===Israel===

In Israel, DNA testing is used to determine if people are eligible for immigration. The policy where "many Jews from the former Soviet Union (FSU) are asked to provide DNA confirmation of their Jewish heritage in the form of paternity tests in order to immigrate as Jews and become citizens under Israel's [[Law of Return]]" has generated controversy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McGonigle IV, Herman LW | title = Genetic citizenship: DNA testing and the Israeli Law of Return | journal = Journal of Law and the Biosciences | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 469–478 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 27774208 | pmc = 5034383 | doi = 10.1093/jlb/lsv027 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/new-law-says-genetic-test-valid-for-determining-jewish-status-in-some-cases-506584|title='Who is a Jew?' can now be answered by genetic testing|website=The Jerusalem Post &#124; JPost.com|date=3 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/magazine/should-jewishness-be-determined-by-a-genetic-test-514968|title=Should Jewishness be determined by a genetic test?|website=The Jerusalem Post &#124; JPost.com|date=25 November 2017 }}</ref><ref>[https://lawoffice.org.il/en/aliyah-to-israel-by-dna-test/ Is It Possible to Make Aliyah to Israel on the Basis of a DNA Test?]</ref>