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Gothic Revival architecture
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==20th and 21st centuries== [[File:National Cathedral in DC.jpg|right|upright=1.3|thumb|Construction of [[Washington National Cathedral]] began in 1907 and was completed in 1990.]] The Gothic style dictated the use of structural members in [[Compression member|compression]], leading to tall, buttressed buildings with interior columns of [[Load-bearing wall|load-bearing]] masonry and tall, narrow windows. But, by the start of the 20th century, technological developments such as the [[steel frame]], the [[incandescent light bulb]] and the [[elevator]] made this approach obsolete. Steel framing supplanted the non-ornamental functions of [[rib vault]]s and [[flying buttresses]], providing wider open interiors with fewer columns interrupting the view. Some architects persisted in using Neo-Gothic tracery as applied ornamentation to an iron skeleton underneath, for example in [[Cass Gilbert]]'s 1913 [[Woolworth Building]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cassgilbertsociety.org/works/nyc-woolworth-bldg/|title=The Woolworth Building|publisher=Cass Gilbert Society|access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref> skyscraper in New York and [[Raymond Hood]]'s 1922 [[Tribune Tower]] in Chicago.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/tribune-tower/|title=Tribune Tower|publisher=Chicago Architecture Center|access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref> The [[Tower Life Building]] in San Antonio, completed in 1929, is noted for the arrays of decorative [[gargoyle]]s on its upper floors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/texas/articles/2020-04-05/the-guarding-gargoyles-of-downtown-san-antonio-amid-covid-19?context=amp|title=The Guarding Gargoyles of Downtown San Antonio|publisher=USA News|date=5 April 2020}}</ref> But, over the first half of the century, Neo-Gothic was supplanted by [[Modernism]], although some modernist architects saw the Gothic tradition of architectural form entirely in terms of the "honest expression" of the technology of the day, and saw themselves as heirs to that tradition, with their use of rectangular frames and exposed iron girders. [[File:Liverpool Anglican Cathedral (64928225).jpeg|left|upright=1.3|thumb|[[Liverpool Cathedral]], whose construction ran from 1903 to 1978]] In spite of this, the Gothic Revival continued to exert its influence, simply because many of its more massive projects were still being built well into the second half of the 20th century, such as [[Giles Gilbert Scott]]'s [[Liverpool Cathedral]]<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Anglican Cathedral Church of Christ, Liverpool|num=1361681|grade=I|access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref> and the [[Washington National Cathedral]] (1907β1990).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cathedral.org/history/timeline/|title=Timeline|publisher=Washington National Cathedral|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> [[Ralph Adams Cram]] became a leading force in American Gothic, with his most ambitious project the [[Cathedral of St. John the Divine]] in New York (claimed to be the largest cathedral in the world), as well as Collegiate Gothic buildings at [[Princeton University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ralph-Adams-Cram|title=Ralph Adams Cram: American architect and writer|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> Cram said "the style hewn out and perfected by our ancestors [has] become ours by uncontested inheritance".{{sfn|Bartlett|2001|p=21}} Though the number of new Gothic Revival buildings declined sharply after the 1930s, they continue to be built. [[St Edmundsbury Cathedral]], the cathedral of [[Bury St Edmunds]] in [[Suffolk]], was expanded and reconstructed in a neo-Gothic style between the late 1950s and 2005, and a commanding stone central tower was added.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hughpearman.com/articles5/lastgothic.html |title=Return of the Goths: the last Anglican cathedral is nearly finished. And built to last 1,000 years. |author=Pearman, Hugh |date=13 March 2005 |work=Gabion: Retained Writing on Architecture |publisher=Hugh Pearman |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050318063522/http://www.hughpearman.com/articles5/lastgothic.html |archive-date=18 March 2005 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> A new church in the Gothic style is planned for St. John Vianney Parish in [[Fishers, Indiana]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Caroline |last=Mooney |title=Architectural plans unveiled for church and campus complex over the next two decades |work=The Catholic Moment |location=[[Lafayette, Indiana]] |date=27 April 2008 |url=http://www.thecatholicmoment.org/articles/April/042708c.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515021054/http://www.thecatholicmoment.org/articles/April/042708c.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 May 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hdb.com/projects/stjohnvianneyNEW.html |title=St. John Vianney Fishers, Indiana |publisher=HDB/Cram and Ferguson |access-date=3 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008022917/http://www.hdb.com/projects/stjohnvianneyNEW.html |archive-date=8 October 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Whittle Building at [[Peterhouse, Cambridge|Peterhouse]], [[University of Cambridge]], opened in 2016, matches the neo-Gothic style of the rest of the courtyard in which it is situated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.johnsimpsonarchitects.com/news-whittle-building-peterhouse-jsa.html|title=Prince of Wales opens the new Whittle Building|publisher=John Simpson Architects|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref>
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