Editing Grunge (section)

== Literature ==
=== Zines ===
Following the tradition in the 1980s US punk subculture of amateur, fan-produced [[zine]]s, members of the grunge scene also produced [[DIY]] publications which were "distributed at gigs or by mail order". The zines were typically photocopied and contained handwritten, "hand-colored pages", "typing errors and grammatical mistakes, misspellings and jumbled pagination", all proof of their amateur nature.<ref name="Leonard, Marion 2007. p. 140">Leonard, Marion. ''Gender in the Music Industry: Rock, Discourse and Girl Power''. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007. p. 140</ref> ''Backlash'' was a zine that was published from 1987 to 1991 by Dawn Anderson, covering the "dirtier, heavier, more underground and rock side of Seattle's music scene", including "punk, metal, underground rock, grunge before it was called grunge and even some local hip-hop."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://10thingszine.blogspot.ca/2009/02/dawn-andersons-backlash-fanzine.html|title=Backlash fanzine!|website=10thingszine.blogspot.ca|access-date=January 18, 2018|date=2009-02-19}}</ref> ''Grunge Gerl #1'' was one early 1990s grunge zine; the publication was written by and for [[riot grrrl]]s in the Los Angeles area. It stated that "we're girls, we're angry, we're powerful."<ref name="Leonard, Marion 2007. p. 140" />

=== Local newspapers ===
In 1992, ''Rolling Stone'' music critic [[Michael Azerrad]] called ''[[The Rocket (music magazine)|The Rocket]]'' the Seattle music "scene's [most] respected commentator".<ref name="Azerrad" /> ''The Rocket'' was a free newspaper about the Pacific Northwest music scene which was launched in 1979. Edited by [[Charles R. Cross]], the paper covered "fairly obscure alternative bands" in the local area, such as [[the Fartz]] and others.<ref name="McChesney">McChesney, Robert W.  "Balancing Things Left of Center", ''The Rocket'', Issue #195, December 7–21, 1994, p. 12, 14.</ref> In the mid-1980s, the paper had stories on [[Slayer]], [[Wild Dogs]], [[Queensrÿche]], and [[Metal Church]].  By 1988, the metal scene had faded, and ''The Rocket''{{'s}} focus shifted to covering the pre-grunge local [[alternative rock]] bands. Dawn Anderson states that in 1988, long before any other publication took notice of them, [[Soundgarden]] and [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] were ''Rocket'' cover stars.<ref name="Anderson">Anderson, Dawn.  "Timeline: 1988", ''The Rocket'', Issue #195, December 7–21, 1994, p. 38.</ref>  In 1991, ''The Rocket'' expanded to include a Portland, Oregon edition.

=== Fiction ===
{{Main|Grunge lit}}
Grunge lit is an Australian [[literary genre]] of [[fiction]]al or [[Autobiographical novel|semi-autobiographical]] writing in the early 1990s about young adults living in an "inner cit[y]" "... world of disintegrating futures where the only relief from ... [[boredom]] was through a [[nihilism|nihilistic]] pursuit of sex, violence, drugs and alcohol".<ref name="leishman" /> Often the central characters are disfranchised, alienated, and lacking drive and determination beyond the desire to satisfy their basic needs. It was typically written by "new, young authors"<ref name="leishman">Leishman, Kirsty, 'Australian Grunge Literature and the Conflict between Literary Generations', ''Journal of Australian Studies'', 23.63 (1999), pp. 94–102</ref> who examined "gritty, dirty, real existences"<ref name="leishman" /> of everyday characters.  It has been described as both a sub-set of [[dirty realism]] and an offshoot of Generation X literature.<ref>Vernay, Jean-François, '[http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=5550 Grunge Fiction]', ''The Literary Encyclopedia'', November 6, 2008, accessed September 9, 2009</ref> Stuart Glover states that the term "grunge lit" takes the term "grunge" from the "late '80s and early '90s— ... Seattle [grunge] bands".<ref name="stuartglover.com.au">{{cite web |last=Glover |first=Stuart |date=1996 |title=A Short Note on Grunge Fiction |url=http://www.stuartglover.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/A-short-note-on-Grunge-Fiction.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219073033/http://www.stuartglover.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/A-short-note-on-Grunge-Fiction.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-19 |access-date=January 7, 2022}}</ref> Glover states that the term "grunge lit" was mainly a marketing term used by publishing companies; he states that most of the authors who have been categorized as "grunge lit" writers reject the label.<ref name="stuartglover.com.au" /> The Australian fiction authors McGahan, McGregor and Tsiolkas criticized the "homogenizing effect" of conflating such a different group of writers.<ref name="leishman" /> Tsiolkas called the "grunge lit" term a "media creation".<ref name="leishman" />