Editing Guild (section)

== International differences ==

=== Europe ===
In many European countries, guilds have experienced a revival as local trade organizations for craftsmen, primarily in traditional skills.<ref>{{Cite journal | title=The Return of the Guilds: Towards a Global History of the Guilds in Pre-industrial Times | first1=Jan | last1=Lucassen | first2=Tine | last2=De Moor | first3=Jan Luiten | last3=van Zanden | journal=[[International Review of Social History]] | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2008| volume=53 | pages=5–18 | doi=10.1017/S0020859008003581 | jstor=26405465 | s2cid=39908767 | doi-access=free }}</ref> They may function as forums for developing competence and are often the local units of a national employer's organisation.

In the [[City of London]], the ancient guilds survive as [[livery company|livery companies]], all of which play a ceremonial role in the city's many customs. The City of London livery companies maintain strong links with their respective trade, craft or profession, some still retain regulatory, inspection or enforcement roles. The senior members of the City of London Livery Companies (known as liverymen) elect the sheriffs and approve the candidates for the office of Lord Mayor of London. Guilds also survive in many other towns and cities the UK including in [[Preston, Lancashire]], as the [[Preston Guild Merchant]] where among other celebrations descendants of burgesses are still admitted into membership. With the City of London livery companies, the UK has over 300 extant guilds and growing.

In 1878, the London livery companies established the [[City and Guilds of London Institute]] the forerunner of the engineering school (still called City and Guilds College) at [[Imperial College London]]. The aim of the City and Guilds of London Institute was the advancement of technical education. "City and Guilds" operates as an examining and accreditation body for vocational, managerial and engineering qualifications from entry-level craft and trade skills up to post-doctoral achievement.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cityandguilds.com/about-us/what-we-do |title=What We Do | publisher=[[City and Guilds of London Institute]]}}</ref> A separate organisation, the [[City and Guilds of London Art School]] has also close ties with the London livery companies and is involved in the training of master craftworkers in stone and wood carving, as well as fine artists.

In [[Germany]], there are no longer any ''Zünfte'' (or ''Gilden'' – the terms used were rather different from town to town), nor any restriction of a craft to a privileged corporation. However, under one other of their old names albeit a less frequent one, ''Innungen'', guilds continue to exist as private member clubs with membership limited to practitioners of particular trades or activities. These clubs are corporations under public law, albeit the membership is voluntary; the president normally comes from the ranks of master-craftsmen and is called ''Obermeister'' ("master-in-chief"). Journeymen elect their own representative bodies, with their president having the traditional title of ''Altgesell'' (senior journeyman).

There are also "craft chambers" (''Handwerkskammern''), which have less resemblance to ancient guilds in that they are organized for all crafts in a certain region, not just one. In them membership is mandatory, and they serve to establish self-governance of the crafts.

Guilds were abolished in [[France]] during the [[French Revolution]]. Following a decree of 4 August 1789, they survived until March 1791 when they were finally abolished.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vardi |first=Liana |date=1988 |title=The Abolition of the Guilds during the French Revolution |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/286554 |journal=French Historical Studies |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=704–717 |doi=10.2307/286554|jstor=286554 |issn=0016-1071|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== India ===
India's guilds include the Students Guild, Indian Engineers Guild, and the Safety Guild. Other professional associations include the Indian medical Association, Indian Engineers, Indian Dental Association, United nurses Association, etc.
Most of them use Union, Association or Society as suffix.

=== North America ===
In the [[United States]] guilds exist in several fields. Often, they are better characterized as a [[labor union]] — for example, [[The Newspaper Guild]] is a labor union for journalists and other newspaper workers, with over 30,000 members in North America.

In the film and television industry, guild membership is generally a prerequisite for working on major productions in certain capacities. The [[Screen Actors Guild]], [[Directors Guild of America]], [[Writers Guild of America, East]], [[Writers Guild of America, West]] and other profession-specific guilds have the ability to exercise strong control in the [[cinema of the United States]] as a result of a rigid system of [[intellectual-property]] rights and a history of power-brokers also holding guild membership (e.g., [[DreamWorks Pictures]] founder [[Steven Spielberg]] was, and is, a DGA member). These guilds maintain their own contracts with production companies to ensure a certain number of their members are hired for roles in each film or television production, and that their members are paid a minimum of guild "scale," along with other labor protections. These guilds set high standards for membership, and exclude professional actors, writers, etc. who do not abide by the strict rules for competing within the film and television industry in America.

Real-estate brokerage offers an example of a modern American guild system. Signs of guild behavior in real-estate brokerage include: standard pricing (6% of the home price), strong affiliation among all practitioners, self-regulation (see [[National Association of Realtors]]), strong cultural identity (the Realtor brand), little price variation with quality differences, and traditional methods in use by all practitioners. In September 2005 the U.S. Department of Justice filed an antitrust lawsuit against the National Association of Realtors, challenging NAR practices that (the DOJ asserted) prevent competition from practitioners who use different methods. The DOJ and the Federal Trade Commission in 2005 advocated against state laws, supported by NAR, that disadvantage new kinds of brokers.<ref>
{{cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/atr/case/us-v-national-association-realtors |title=U.S. v. National Association of Realtors |date=25 June 2015 |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> ''U.S. v. National Assoc. of Realtors'', Civil Action No. 05C-5140 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 7, 2005).

The practice of law in the United States also exemplifies modern guilds at work. Every state maintains its own [[bar association]], supervised by that state's highest court. The court decides the criteria for entering and staying in the legal profession. In most states, every attorney must become a member of that state's bar association in order to practice law. State laws forbid any person from engaging in the unauthorized practice of law and practicing attorneys are subject to rules of professional conduct that are enforced by the state's supreme court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regulation of the legal profession in the United States: overview |url=http://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/2-633-6340?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Practical Law |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013160115/https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/2-633-6340?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}

Medical associations comparable to guilds include the state Medical Boards, the [[American Medical Association]], and the [[American Dental Association]]. Medical licensing in most states requires specific training, tests and years of low-paid apprenticeship (internship and residency) under harsh working conditions. Even qualified international or out-of-state doctors may not practice without acceptance by the local medical guild (Medical board). Similarly, nurses and physicians' practitioners have their own guilds. A doctor cannot work as a physician's assistant unless (s)he separately trains, tests and apprentices as one.{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Understanding Health Policy: A Clinical Approach |publisher=McGraw Hill |year=2020| editor-last=Bodenheimer |editor-first=Thomas |edition=8 |pages=4 |chapter=The health care workforce and the education of health professionals.|editor-last2=Grumbach |editor-first2=Kevin}}</ref>

=== Australia ===
Australia has several guilds. The most notable of these is [[The Pharmacy Guild of Australia]], created in 1927 as the Federated Pharmaceutical Services Guild of Australia. The Pharmacy Guild serves "6,000 community pharmacies,"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.guild.org.au/about-us |title=About the Guild | publisher=[[The Pharmacy Guild of Australia]]}}</ref> while also providing training and standards for the country's pharmacists. Australia's other guilds include the [[Australian Directors Guild]], representing the country's directors, documentary makers and animators,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://adg.org.au/ |title=ADG - Australian Directors' Guild Home | publisher=[[Australian Directors Guild]]}}</ref> the [[Australian Writers' Guild]], the Australian Butcher's Guild, a fraternity of independent butchers which provides links to resources like Australian meat standards and a guide to different beef cuts,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.australianbutchersguild.com.au/ |title=Australian Butchers' Guild | publisher=Australian Butcher's Guild}}</ref> and The Artists Guild, a craft guild focusing on female artists.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theartistsguild.com.au/ |title=The Artists Guild |publisher=The Artists Guild |access-date=2018-10-18 |archive-date=2018-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019041121/https://www.theartistsguild.com.au/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>