Editing Human brain (section)

===Cognition===
{{Main|Cognition}} {{Further |Prefrontal cortex#Executive function}}

The brain is responsible for [[cognition]],<ref name="NHM preface - Cognition">{{cite book | last1=Malenka |first1=RC |last2=Nestler |first2=EJ |last3=Hyman |first3=SE | editor1-last=Sydor |editor1-first=A |editor2-last=Brown |editor2-first=RY | title=Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience | year=2009 | publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical | location=New York | isbn=978-0-07-148127-4 | page=xiii | edition=2nd | chapter=Preface }}</ref><ref name="NHMH_3e – Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control" /> which functions through numerous [[cognitive process|processes]] and [[executive function]]s.<ref name="NHMH_3e – Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control">{{cite book | vauthors = Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Holtzman DM | title = Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience | year = 2015 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-07-182770-6 | edition = 3rd | chapter = Chapter 14: Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control}}</ref><ref name="NHMH_3e – pathways">{{cite book | vauthors = Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Holtzman DM | title = Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience | year = 2015 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-07-182770-6 | edition = 3rd | chapter=Chapter 6: Widely Projecting Systems: Monoamines, Acetylcholine, and Orexin}}</ref><ref name="Executive functions">{{cite journal | last1=Diamond |first1=A |author1-link=Adele Diamond | title=Executive functions | journal=Annual Review of Psychology | volume=64 | pages=135–168 | year=2013 | pmid=23020641 | pmc=4084861 | doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 }}<br />[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4084861/figure/F4/ Figure 4: Executive functions and related terms] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509181646/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4084861/figure/F4/ |date=May 9, 2018 }}</ref> Executive functions include the ability to filter information and tune out irrelevant stimuli with [[attentional control]] and [[cognitive inhibition]], the ability to process and manipulate information held in [[working memory]], the ability to think about multiple concepts simultaneously and [[task switching (psychology)|switch tasks]] with [[cognitive flexibility]], the ability to inhibit [[impulse (psychology)|impulses]] and [[prepotent response]]s with [[inhibitory control]], and the ability to determine the relevance of information or appropriateness of an action.<ref name="NHMH_3e – pathways" /><ref name="Executive functions" /> Higher order executive functions require the simultaneous use of multiple basic executive functions, and include [[planning]], [[prospection]] and [[fluid intelligence]] (i.e., [[reasoning]] and [[problem solving]]).<ref name="Executive functions" />

The [[prefrontal cortex]] plays a significant role in mediating executive functions.<ref name="NHMH_3e – Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control" /><ref name="Executive functions" /><ref name="Goldstein">{{cite book | editor1-last=Goldstein |editor1-first=S. |editor2-last=Naglieri |editor2-first=J. | last1=Hyun |first1=J.C. |last2=Weyandt |first2=L.L. |last3=Swentosky |first3=A. | title=Handbook of Executive Functioning | date=2014 | publisher=Springer | location=New York | isbn=978-1-4614-8106-5 | pages=13–23 | chapter=Chapter 2: The Physiology of Executive Functioning | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1e8VAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 }}</ref> Planning involves activation of the [[dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]] (DLPFC), [[anterior cingulate cortex]], angular prefrontal cortex, right prefrontal cortex, and [[supramarginal gyrus]].<ref name="Goldstein"/> Working memory manipulation involves the DLPFC, [[inferior frontal gyrus]], and areas of the [[parietal cortex]].<ref name="NHMH_3e – Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control" /><!--The preceding ref supports this statement, but the corresponding statements from this textbook weren't included in the reference's quote parameter--><ref name="Goldstein" /> [[Inhibitory control]] involves multiple areas of the prefrontal cortex, as well as the [[caudate nucleus]] and [[subthalamic nucleus]].<ref name="Executive functions" /><ref name="Goldstein" /><ref name="NHMH_3e – Addiction and ADHD" />