Editing Human migration (section)

== Social-scientific theories ==

=== Sociology ===
{{main|Sociology of immigration}}A number of social scientists have examined immigration from a [[Sociology|sociological]] perspective, paying particular attention to how immigration affects and is affected by, matters of [[Race (human categorisation)|race]] and [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]], as well as [[social structure]]. They have produced three main sociological perspectives:
* [[symbolic interactionism]], which aims to understand migration via face-to-face interactions on a micro-level
* [[social conflict theory]], which examines migration through the prism of competition for [[Power (social and political)|power]] and [[resource]]s
* [[structural functionalism]] (based on the ideas of [[Émile Durkheim]]), which examines the role of migration in fulfilling certain functions within each society, such as the decrease of [[Anomie|despair and aimlessness]] and the consolidation of [[social network]]s

In the 21st century, as attention has shifted away from countries of destination, sociologists have attempted to understand how [[transnationalism]] allows us to understand the interplay between migrants, their countries of destination, and their countries of origins.<ref>{{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sBJTOhDpauQC&q=schiller+basch&pg=PT5 |title=Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States|last1= Basch |first1=Linda |last2=Schiller|first2= Nina Glick|last3= Blanc|first3= Christina Szanton|date= 2005|publisher= Routledge |isbn=978-1135307035 |language=en}}</ref> In this framework, work on social remittances by [[Peggy Levitt]] and others has led to a stronger conceptualisation of how migrants affect socio-political processes in their countries of origin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levitt |first=Peggy |date=1998 |title=Social Remittances: Migration Driven Local-Level Forms of Cultural Diffusion|jstor= 2547666 |journal=The International Migration Review |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=926–948 |doi=10.2307/2547666 |pmid=12294302}}
</ref> Much work also takes place in the field of [[Social integration|integration]] of migrants into destination-societies.<ref>
For example:
{{cite book
 | last1 = Hack-Polay
 | first1 = Dieu
 | year = 2013
 | title = Reframing Migrant Integration
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fwEvDAAAQBAJ
 | location = Kibworth, Leicestershire
 | publisher = Book Guild Publishing
 | publication-date = 2016
 | isbn = 978-1911320319
 | access-date = 12 January 2020
}}
</ref>

===Political science===
Political scientists have put forth a number of theoretical frameworks relating to migration, offering different perspectives on processes of [[International security|security]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Faist |first= Thomas |date=2006 |pages=103–119 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] US |language=en |doi=10.1057/9781403984678_6 |isbn=978-1349532650 |title=Migration, Citizenship, Ethnos |chapter=The Migration-Security Nexus: International Migration and Security Before and After 9/11 |hdl=2043/686 |chapter-url=https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/record/2318503 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adamson |first=Fiona B. |date=July 2006 |title=Crossing Borders: International Migration and National Security |journal=International Security |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=165–199 |doi=10.1162/isec.2006.31.1.165 |s2cid=57567184 |issn=0162-2889}}</ref> [[citizenship]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-handbook-of-citizenship-9780198805854?cc=gb&lang=en& |title=The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship |date=2017 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0198805854 |editor1-last=Shachar |editor1-first=Ayelet |series=Oxford Handbooks in Law |location=Oxford, New York |editor2-last=Bauboeck |editor2-first=Rainer |editor3-last=Bloemraad |editor3-first=Irene |editor4-last=Vink |editor4-first=Maarten}}</ref> and [[international relations]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wERHBAAAQBAJ&q=Oxford+handbook+citizenship+migration&pg=PP1 |title=Migration Theory: Talking across Disciplines |last1=Brettell |first1=Caroline B.|last2=Hollifield |first2=James F. |date=2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1317805984 |language=en |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> The political importance of [[diaspora]]s has also become in the 21st century a growing field of interest, as scholars examine questions of diaspora [[activism]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bauböck |first=Rainer |date=2006-02-23 |title=Towards a Political Theory of Migrant Transnationalism |journal=[[International Migration Review]] |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=700–723 |doi=10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00155.x |s2cid=55880642 |issn=0197-9183}}</ref> state-diaspora relations,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Délano |first1=Alexandra |last2=Gamlen |first2=Alan |date=July 2014 |title=Comparing and theorizing state–diaspora relations |journal=Political Geography |volume=41 |pages=43–53 |doi=10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.05.005 |issn=0962-6298 |hdl=2440/102448 |url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/102448/3/hdl_102448.pdf |hdl-access=free}}</ref> out-of-country [[voting]] processes,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lafleur |first=Jean-Michel |date=2014 |title=The enfranchisement of citizens abroad: variations and explanations |journal=Democratization |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=840–860 |doi=10.1080/13510347.2014.979163 |hdl=2268/181007 |s2cid=143524485 |url=https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/181007}}</ref> and states' [[soft power]] strategies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tsourapas |first=Gerasimos |date=2018 |title=Authoritarian emigration states: Soft power and cross-border mobility in the Middle East |journal=[[International Political Science Review]] |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=400–416 |doi=10.1177/0192512118759902 |s2cid=158085638 |url=http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/48708510/Tsourapas_Authoritarian_emigration_states_IPSR_2018.pdf}}</ref> In this field, the majority of work has focused on immigration politics, viewing migration from the perspective of the country of destination.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oec_BAAAQBAJ&q=Oxford+handbook+citizenship+migration&pg=PR5 |title=Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective |edition=3rd|last1=Hollifield |first1=James |last2=Martin |first2=Philip L. |last3=Orrenius |first3=Pia |date=2014 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0804787352 |language=en |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> With regard to [[emigration]] processes, political scientists have expanded on [[Albert O. Hirschman|Albert Hirschman's]] framework on '"voice" vs. "exit" to discuss how emigration affects the politics within countries of origin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hirschman |first=Albert O. |date=January 1993 |title=Exit, Voice, and the Fate of the German Democratic Republic: An Essay in Conceptual History |journal=World Politics |language=en |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=173–202 |doi=10.2307/2950657 |issn=1086-3338 |jstor=2950657 |s2cid=145574536}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brubacker |first=Rogers |date=1990 |title=Frontier theses: Exit, voice, and loyalty in East Germany |url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/brubaker/Publications/27_frontier_theses.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124105756/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/brubaker/Publications/27_frontier_theses.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |journal=Migration World}}</ref>