Editing International Phonetic Alphabet (section)

==== Affricates ====
[[Affricates]] and [[Doubly articulated consonant|co-articulated]] stops are represented by two letters joined by a tie bar, either above or below the letters with no difference in meaning.{{NoteTag|It is traditional to place the tie bar above the letters. It may be placed below to avoid overlap with ascenders or diacritic marks, or simply because it is more legible that way, as in Niesler; Louw; Roux (2005). "Phonetic analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu using South African speech databases".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Niesler |first1=Thomas |last2=Louw |first2=Philippa |last3=Roux |first3=Justus |date=2005 |title=Phonetic analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu using South African speech databases |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/16073610509486401 |journal=Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies |language=en |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=459–474 |doi=10.2989/16073610509486401 |s2cid=7138676 |issn=1607-3614 |access-date=24 May 2023 |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527215149/http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/16073610509486401 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Affricates are optionally represented by [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]]{{snd}}e.g. {{angbr IPA|ʧ, ʤ&thinsp;}}{{snd}}though this is no longer official IPA usage.<ref name="IPA 1999" />  Alternatively, a superscript notation for a consonant release is sometimes used to transcribe affricates, for example {{angbr IPA|tˢ}} for {{IPA|[t͜s]}}, paralleling {{IPA|[kˣ]}} ~ {{IPA|[k͜x]}}. The letters for the palatal plosives {{angbr IPA|c}} and {{angbr IPA|ɟ}} are often used as a convenience for {{IPA|[t͜ʃ]}} and {{IPA|[d͜ʒ]}} or similar affricates<!-- eg 'Curso de fonética y fonología españolas para estudiantes' for English and spanish -->, even in official IPA publications, so they must be interpreted with care.<ref>{{harvnb|International Phonetic Association|1999|p=133}}</ref>

{{IPA affricates|caption=|notes=no}}

Because in a true affricate the plosive element and the fricative element are homorganic, and the place of articulation of an affricate is most audible in the fricative element, the letter for the former will not always be precisely transcribed where such precision would be redundant. For example, while the English ''ch'' sound is {{IPA|[t̠͜ʃ]}} in close transcription, the diacritic is commonly left off, for {{IPA|[t͜ʃ]}}. Similarly, {{IPA|[ʈ͜ʂ]}} and {{IPA|[ɖ͜ʐ]}} are more commonly written {{IPA|[t͜ʂ]}} and {{IPA|[d͜ʐ]}}, and in the ligatures there is only a single retroflex hook.