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Javanese script
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==== ''Pepadan'' ==== Aside from regular punctuation, one of the distinctive features in Javanese script writing is ''pepadan'' (ꦥꦼꦥꦢꦤ꧀), a series of highly ornate verse marks. Behrend (1996) categorizes ''pepadan'' into two general groups: small ''pada'', which are single punctuation marks, and large ''pada'', which are often composed of several marks arranged in a sequence. Small ''pada'' are used to indicate stanza breaks, typically appearing every 32 to 48 syllables depending on the meter used. Large ''pada'' mark a change in ''[[Javanese poetry|tembang]]'', or ''canto'', and usually appear every 5 to 10 pages, depending on the structure of the text.{{sfn|Behrend|1996|pp=188}} Javanese writing guides often identify three types of large pada ''purwa pada'' used at the beginning of the first ''tembang'', ''madya pada'' used at ''tembang'' transitions, and ''wasana pada'' used at the end of the text.{{sfn|Everson|2008|pp=4-5}} However, these three marks are often merged and treated as one in many Javanese texts.{{sfn|Behrend|1996|pp=190}} {|class="wikitable letters-table letters-violet letters-lo letters-right" |+Pepadan |- |{{letter|ch=꧅ ꦧ꧀ꦖ ꧅|note=purwa pada}} |{{letter|ch=꧅ ꦟ꧀ꦢꦿ ꧅|note=madya pada}} |{{letter|ch=꧅ ꦆ ꧅|note=wasana pada}} |} ''Pepadan'' is a visually prominent element in Javanese manuscripts and may be rendered in color or even gilded.{{sfn|Behrend|1996|pp=189-190}} In some luxurious manuscripts, the form of pepadan can even serve as a clue to the song being used; for instance, pepadan featuring wings or crow-like birds (dhandhang in Javanese) refers to the ''dhandhanggula'' tembang, while those featuring goldfish allude to the ''maskumambang'' ("gold floating in water") tembang. One of the key centers for producing manuscripts with exceptional pepadan designs was the [[scriptorium]] of [[Pakualaman]] in Yogyakarta.{{sfn|Behrend|1996|pp=190}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Naskah-naskah Skriptorium Pakualaman|first=Sri Ratna|last=Saktimulya|publisher=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia|place=Jakarta|year=2016|isbn=978-6024242282}}</ref> {{gallery |File:Pepadan from serat jayalengkara 9r.jpg |Pepadan from Serat, minor pada {{Script|Java|꧅}} |File:Pepadan from babad mataram 10r.jpg |Pepadan from Babad Mataram, minor pada {{Script|Java|꧅}} |File:Pepadan from serat jayalengkara 24r.jpg |Pepadan from Serat Jayalengkara, major pada {{Script|Java|꧅ ꦧ꧀ꦖ ꧅}} |File:Pepadan_from_serat_selarasa_44r.jpg |Pepadan from serat selarasa, major pada {{Script|Java|꧅ ꦧ꧀ꦖ ꧅}} |File:Pepadan from jatikusuma 50v.jpg |File:Pepadan from jatikusuma, major pada {{Script|Java|꧅ ꦧ꧀ꦖ ꧅}} }}
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