Editing Job satisfaction (section)

=== Psychological well-being ===
[[Psychological well-being]] (PWB) is defined as "the overall effectiveness of an individual's psychological functioning" as related to primary facets of one's life: work, family, community, etc.<ref name="Wright, T. A. 2000">{{cite journal | last1 = Wright | first1 = T. A. | last2 = Cropanzano | first2 = R. | year = 2000 | title = Psychological well-being and job satisfaction as predictors of job performance | journal = Journal of Occupational Health Psychology | volume = 5 | issue = 1| pages = 84–94 | doi = 10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.84 | pmid = 10658888 | s2cid = 19053832 }}</ref>  There are three defining characteristics of PWB.  First, it is a [[Phenomenology (psychology)|phenomenological]] event, meaning that people are happy when they subjectively believe themselves to be so.  Second, well-being involves some emotional conditions.  Particularly, psychologically well people are more prone to experience positive emotions and less prone to experience [[negative emotion]]s. Third, well-being refers to one's life as a whole. It is a global evaluation.<ref name="Wright, T. A. 2000"/>  PWB is primarily measured using the eight-item Index of Psychological Well-Being developed by Berkman (IPWB). IPWB asks respondents to reply to a series a questions on how often they felt "pleased about accomplishing something", "bored", "depressed or unhappy", etc.<ref name="Wright, T. A. 2000"/>

PWB in the workplace plays an important role in determining job satisfaction and has attracted much research attention in recent years.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Baptiste | first1 = N. R. | year = 2008 | title = Tightening the link between employee wellbeing at work and performance: A new dimension for HRM | journal = Management Decision | volume = 46 | issue = 2| pages = 284–309 | doi = 10.1108/00251740810854168 }}</ref> These studies have focused on the effects of PWB on job satisfaction as well as [[job performance]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Robertson | first1 = I. T. | last2 = Birch | first2 = A. J. | last3 = Cooper | first3 = C. L. | year = 2012 | title = Job and work attitudes, engagement and employee performance: Where does psychological well-being fit in? | journal = Leadership & Organization Development Journal | volume = 33 | issue = 3| pages = 224–232 | doi = 10.1108/01437731211216443 }}</ref>  One study noted that because job satisfaction is specific to one's job, the research that examined job satisfaction had not taken into account aspects of one's life external to the job.<ref name="Wright, T. A. 2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Wright | first1 = T. A. | last2 = Cropanzano | first2 = R. | last3 = Bonett | first3 = D. G. | year = 2007 | title = The moderating role of employee positive well being on the relation between job satisfaction and job performance | journal = Journal of Occupational Health Psychology | volume = 12 | issue = 2| pages = 93–104 | doi = 10.1037/1076-8998.12.2.93 | pmid = 17469992 | hdl = 10983/24771 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>  Prior studies had focused only on the work environment as the main determinant of job satisfaction. Ultimately, to better understand job satisfaction (and its close relative, job performance), it is important to take into account an individual's PWB. Research published in 2000 showed a significant correlation between PWB and job satisfaction (r = .35, p < .01).<ref name="Wright, T. A. 2000"/> A follow-up study by the same authors in 2007 revealed similar results (r = .30, p < .01).<ref name="Wright, T. A. 2007"/>  In addition, these studies show that PWB is a better predictor of job performance than job satisfaction alone. Job satisfaction more associate to mental health than physical health.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Faragher|first1=E. B.|last2=Cass|first2=M.|last3=Cooper|first3=C. L.|date=2005-02-01|title=The relationship between job satisfaction and health: a meta-analysis|url=https://oem.bmj.com/content/62/2/105|journal=Occupational and Environmental Medicine|language=en|volume=62|issue=2|pages=105–112|doi=10.1136/oem.2002.006734|issn=1351-0711|pmc=1740950|pmid=15657192}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cass|first1=Monica H.|last2=Siu|first2=Oi Ling|last3=Faragher|first3=E. Brian|last4=Cooper|first4=Cary L.|date=2003|title=A meta-analysis of the relationship between job satisfaction and employee health in Hong Kong|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/smi.959|journal=Stress and Health|language=en|volume=19|issue=2|pages=79–95|doi=10.1002/smi.959|issn=1532-2998}}</ref>