Editing Joint dislocation (section)

==Epidemiology==
Each joint in the body can be dislocated, however, there are common sites where most dislocations occur. The most common dislocated parts of the body are discussed as follows:
* [[Dislocated shoulder]]
** Anterior shoulder dislocation is the most common type of shoulder dislocation, accounting for at least 90% of shoulder dislocations.<ref name="Khiami S51–S57" /><ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Breed M, Fitch RW |title=The Atlas of Emergency Medicine | edition = 5th |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2021 }}</ref> Anterior shoulder dislocations have a recurrence rate around 39%, with younger age at initial dislocation, male sex, and joint hyperlaxity being risk factors for increased recurrence.<ref name="Olds 913–922">{{cite journal | vauthors = Olds M, Ellis R, Donaldson K, Parmar P, Kersten P | title = Risk factors which predispose first-time traumatic anterior shoulder dislocations to recurrent instability in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 49 | issue = 14 | pages = 913–922 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 25900943 | pmc = 4687692 | doi = 10.1136/bjsports-2014-094342 }}</ref>
** The incidence rate of anterior shoulder dislocations is roughly 23.1 to 23.9 per 100,000 person-years.<ref name="Olds 913–922"/><ref name="Ponkilainen_2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ponkilainen V, Kuitunen I, Liukkonen R, Vaajala M, Reito A, Uimonen M | title = The incidence of musculoskeletal injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Bone & Joint Research | volume = 11 | issue = 11 | pages = 814–825 | date = November 2022 | pmid = 36374291 | pmc = 9680199 | doi = 10.1302/2046-3758.1111.BJR-2022-0181.R1 }}</ref> Young males have a higher incidence rate, roughly four times that of the overall population.<ref name="Olds 913–922"/>
** Recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations have a higher rate of labrum tears (Bankart lesion) and humerus fractures/dents (Hill-Sachs lesion) compared to initial dislocations.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rutgers C, Verweij LP, Priester-Vink S, van Deurzen DF, Maas M, van den Bekerom MP | title = Recurrence in traumatic anterior shoulder dislocations increases the prevalence of Hill-Sachs and Bankart lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy | volume = 30 | issue = 6 | pages = 2130–2140 | date = June 2022 | pmid = 34988633 | pmc = 9165262 | doi = 10.1007/s00167-021-06847-7 }}</ref>
** Shoulder dislocations account for 45% of all dislocation visits to the emergency room.<ref name="Khiami S51–S57" />
* [[Elbow]]
** The incidence rate of elbow dislocations is 5 to 6 per 100,000 persons per year.<ref name="Wolters Kluwer_2020" /><ref name="Ponkilainen_2022" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hackl M, Beyer F, Wegmann K, Leschinger T, Burkhart KJ, Müller LP | title = The treatment of simple elbow dislocation in adults | journal = Deutsches Ärzteblatt International | volume = 112 | issue = 18 | pages = 311–319 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 26037467 | pmc = 4455254 | doi = 10.3238/arztebl.2015.0311 }}</ref>
** Posterior dislocations are the most common type of elbow dislocations, comprising 90% of all elbow dislocations.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/96758-overview | title = Elbow Dislocation | vauthors = Halstead ME, Bernhardt DT, Garry JP | veditors = Talavera F, Goitz HT, Young CC | work = Medscape | date = 16 November 2022}}</ref>
* [[Wrist]]
** Overall, injuries to the small bones and ligaments in the wrist are uncommon.<ref name="Heineman_2023" />
** Lunate dislocations are the most common.<ref name="Heineman_2023" />
* [[Finger]] 
** Interphalangeal (IP) or metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint dislocations<ref>{{cite web | title = Reduction of Finger Dislocation | url = http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/109206-overview | vauthors = Polansky R, Kwon NS | veditors = Windle ML, Lovato LM, Schraga ED | work = Medscape | date = 27 June 2023 }}</ref>
*** In the United States, men are most likely to sustain a finger dislocation with an incidence rate of 17.8 per 100,000 person-years.<ref name="Golan_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Golan E, Kang KK, Culbertson M, Choueka J | title = The Epidemiology of Finger Dislocations Presenting for Emergency Care Within the United States | journal = Hand | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 192–196 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27390562 | pmc = 4920528 | doi = 10.1177/1558944715627232 }}</ref> Women have an incidence rate of 4.65 per 100,000 person-years.<ref name="Golan_2016" /> The average age group that sustain a finger dislocation are between 15 and 19 years old.<ref name="Golan_2016" />
*** The most common dislocations are in the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints.<ref name="Borchers_2012" />
* [[Hip]]
** Posterior and anterior [[hip dislocation]]
*** Anterior dislocations are less common than posterior dislocations. 10% of all dislocations are anterior and this is broken down into superior and inferior types.<ref name="Clegg_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Clegg TE, Roberts CS, Greene JW, Prather BA | title = Hip dislocations--epidemiology, treatment, and outcomes | journal = Injury | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 329–334 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 19796765 | doi = 10.1016/j.injury.2009.08.007 }}</ref> Superior dislocations account for 10% of all anterior dislocations, and inferior dislocations account for 90%.<ref name="Clegg_2010" /> 16-40 year old males are more likely to receive dislocations due to a car accident.<ref name="Clegg_2010" /> 
*** When an individual receives a hip dislocation, there is an incidence rate of 95% that they will receive an injury to another part of their body as well.<ref name="Clegg_2010" /> 
*** 46–84% of hip dislocations occur secondary to traffic accidents, the remaining percentage is due based on falls, industrial accidents or sporting injury.<ref name="Olds 913–922" />
* [[Knee]]
** The majority of knee dislocations (64.5%) are caused by trauma to the knee, with more than half caused by car and motorcycle accidents.<ref name="Randall_2024">{{cite journal | vauthors = Randall ZD, Strok MJ, Mazzola JW, Agrawal R, Yaeger LH, Berkes MB | title = The known and unknown reality of knee dislocations: A systematic review | journal = Injury | volume = 55 | issue = 11 | pages = 111904 | date = November 2024 | pmid = 39357194 | doi = 10.1016/j.injury.2024.111904 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
** The incidence rate of initial patellar dislocations is roughly 32.8 per 100,000 person years.<ref name="Ponkilainen_2022" />
** Nearly 41% of knee dislocations have an associated fracture, with the majority of these fractures in one of the legs.<ref name="Randall_2024" />
** Nerve injury occurs in about 15.3% of knee dislocations, while major artery injury occurs in 7.8% of knee dislocations.<ref name="Randall_2024" />
** More than half (53.5%) of knee dislocations have an associated torn meniscus.<ref name="Randall_2024" />
** Quadriceps tendon rupture occurs up to 13.1% of the time, and patellar tendon rupture occurs 6.8% of the time.<ref name="Randall_2024" />
* Foot and Ankle
** A [[lisfranc injury]] is a dislocation or fracture-dislocation injury at the tarsometatarsal joints.
** [[Subtalar joint|A subtalar]] dislocation, or [[Talocalcaneonavicular joint|talocalcaneonavicular]] dislocation, is a simultaneous dislocation of the talar joints at the talocalcaneal and talonavicular levels.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruhlmann F, Poujardieu C, Vernois J, Gayet LE | title = Isolated Acute Traumatic Subtalar Dislocations: Review of 13 Cases at a Mean Follow-Up of 6 Years and Literature Review | journal = The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery | volume = 56 | issue = 1 | pages = 201–207 | date = 2017 | pmid = 26947001 | doi = 10.1053/j.jfas.2016.01.044 | type = Review | s2cid = 31290747 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = García-Regal J, Centeno-Ruano AJ | title = [Talocalcaneonavicular dislocation without associated fractures] | language = es | journal = Acta Ortopedica Mexicana | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 201–204 | date = 2013 | pmid = 24707608 | type = Review }}</ref> 
** Subtalar dislocations without associated fractures represent about 1% of all traumatic injuries of the foot. They represent 1-2% of all dislocations and are caused by high energy trauma.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Prada-Cañizares A, Auñón-Martín I, ((Vilá Y Rico J)), Pretell-Mazzini J | title = Subtalar dislocation: management and prognosis for an uncommon orthopaedic condition | journal = International Orthopaedics | volume = 40 | issue = 5 | pages = 999–1007 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 26208589 | doi = 10.1007/s00264-015-2910-8 | type = Review | s2cid = 6090499 }}</ref>
** A total talar dislocation has high rates of complications but is rare.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Foy MA, Fagg PS |title=Medicolegal Reporting in Orthopaedic Trauma E-Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ajRAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA320|date=5 December 2011|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-4886-9|pages=320–}}</ref><ref>For a graphic representation of displacements that may lead to a total talar dislocation see: {{cite book| vauthors = Bucholz RW |title=Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults: Two Volumes Plus Integrated Content Website (Rockwood, Green, and Wilkins' Fractures)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OhVSFNEIanIC&pg=PA2061|date=29 March 2012|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-4511-6144-1|pages=2061}}</ref>
** Ankle sprains primarily occur as a result of tearing the ATFL (anterior talofibular ligament) in the talocrural joint. The ATFL tears most easily when the foot is in plantarflexion and inversion. Weakening of the ligaments can put the ankle at risk for dislocation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ringleb SI, Dhakal A, Anderson CD, Bawab S, Paranjape R | title = Effects of lateral ligament sectioning on the stability of the ankle and subtalar joint | journal = Journal of Orthopaedic Research | volume = 29 | issue = 10 | pages = 1459–1464 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21445995 | doi = 10.1002/jor.21407 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
** An ankle dislocation without fracture is rare, due to the strength of ligaments surrounding the ankle.<ref name="pmid28826653">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wight L, Owen D, Goldbloom D, Knupp M | title = Pure Ankle Dislocation: A systematic review of the literature and estimation of incidence | journal = Injury | volume = 48 | issue = 10 | pages = 2027–2034 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 28826653 | doi = 10.1016/j.injury.2017.08.011 | type = Review }}</ref>