Editing Language of Jesus (section)

===Cephas (Κηφᾶς)<!-- This section is linked from [[Peter (name)]] -->===
[[Gospel of John|John]] 1:42
: ''He brought him to Jesus. Jesus looked at him and said, "You are Simon son of John, you shall be called Cephas", which is translated 'Peter'.'' (New International Version)
[[1 Corinthians]] 1:12
: ''But I say that each of you says "I am of Paul", or "I am of Apollos", or "I am of Cephas", or "I am of Christ".''
[[Epistle to the Galatians|Galatians]] 1:18 [[NRSV]]
:''Then after three years I did go up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas and stayed with him for fifteen days;''

In these passages, 'Cephas' is given as the nickname of the apostle better known as [[Simon Peter]]. The Greek word is transliterated {{lang|grc|Κηφᾶς}} (Kēphâs).

The apostle's given name appears to be Simon, and he is given the Aramaic nickname, ''kēpā'', meaning 'rock' or 'stone'. The final sigma (''ς'') is added in Greek to make the name masculine rather than feminine. That the meaning of the name was more important than the name itself is evidenced by the universal acceptance of the Greek translation, {{lang|grc|Πέτρος}} (Petros). It is not known why Paul uses the Aramaic name rather than the Greek name for Simon Peter when he writes to the churches in [[Galatia]] and [[Corinth]].<ref>Bauer's Lexicon: Gal 1:18; 2:9,11,14; 1Cor 1:12; 3:22; 9:5; 15:5; also 1Clement 47:3</ref> He may have been writing at a time before Cephas came to be popularly known as Peter.

According to [[Clement of Alexandria]], there were two people named Cephas: one was Apostle Simon Peter, and the other was one of Jesus' ''[[Seventy Disciples|Seventy Apostles]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250101.htm|title=CHURCH FATHERS: Church History, Book I (Eusebius)|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref> Clement goes further to say it was Cephas of the Seventy who was [[Incident at Antioch|condemned by Paul in Galatians 2 for not eating with the Gentiles]], though this is perhaps Clement's way of deflecting the condemnation from Simon Peter. In 1708, a French Jesuit, [[Jean Hardouin]], wrote a dissertation that argues "Peter" was actually "another Peter", thus the emphasis of using the name [[Aramaic of Jesus#Cephas (%CE%9A%CE%B7%CF%86%CE%B1%CF%82)|Cephas]] (Aramaic for ''Peter'').<ref>Scott, James M. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20050411210807/http://journalofbiblicalstudies.org/issue8/Cephas.pdf A Question of Identity: Is Cephas the Same Person As Peter?]" ''Journal of Biblical Studies'' 3/3 October 2003.</ref> In 1990 [[Bart D. Ehrman]] wrote an article on the ''[[Journal of Biblical Literature]]'', similarly arguing that Peter and Cephas should be understood as different people, citing the writing of [[Clement of Alexandria]]<ref>[[Eusebius]], ''[[Church History (Eusebius)|Church History]]'', Book I</ref> and the [[Epistula Apostolorum]] and in support of his theory;<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ehrman|first=Bart D.|date=1990|title=Cephas and Peter|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3267052|journal=Journal of Biblical Literature|volume=109|issue=3|pages=463–474|doi=10.2307/3267052|jstor=3267052|issn=0021-9231|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ehrman's article received a detailed critique by [[Dale Allison]], who argued that Peter and Cephas are the same person.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Allison|first=Dale C.|date=1992|title=Peter and Cephas: One and the Same|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3267263|journal=Journal of Biblical Literature|volume=111|issue=3|pages=489–495|doi=10.2307/3267263|jstor=3267263|issn=0021-9231|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ehrman later retracted his proposal, deeming it "highly unlikely".<ref>{{Cite web|last=BDEhrman|title=Was Cephas Peter? The Rest of the Argument|url=https://ehrmanblog.org/was-cephas-peter-the-rest-of-the-argument/|access-date=2021-07-30|website=The Bart Ehrman Blog|date=15 December 2016 |language=en-US|quote="Since it wasn’t actually a name anyone ever had, it seems unlikely that two people were independently given it as a nickname."}}</ref>

In Aramaic, it could be כיפא.