Editing Mirror test (section)

=== Animals that have failed ===
Some animals that have reportedly failed the classic MSR test include:

==== Mammals ====

===== Carnivorans =====
* [[Sea lion]]s (''Zalophus californianus'')<ref name="Delfour" /><ref name="Hill">{{cite journal|last1=Hill|first1=H.M.|last2=Webber|first2=K.|last3=Kemery|first3=A.|last4=Garcia|first4=M.|last5=Kuczaj|first5=S.A.|year=2015|title=Can sea lions' (''Zalophus californianus'') use mirrors to locate an object?|journal=International Journal of Comparative Psychology|volume=28|doi=10.46867/ijcp.2015.28.00.08|url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8wx583w7|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Giant panda]] (''Ailuropoda melanoleuca''): In one study, 34 captive giant pandas of a wide range of ages were tested. None of the pandas responded to the mark and many reacted aggressively towards the mirror, causing the researchers to consider the pandas viewed their reflection as a [[conspecific]].<ref name="Panda">{{cite journal|last1=Ma|first1=X.|last2=Jin|first2=Y.|last3=Luo|first3=B.|last4=Zhang|first4=G.|last5=Wei|first5=R.|last6=Liu|first6=D.|year=2015|title=Giant pandas failed to show mirror self-recognition|journal=Animal Cognition|volume=18|issue=3|pages=713–721|doi=10.1007/s10071-015-0838-4|pmid=25609263|s2cid=17801599}}</ref>
*[[Dog]]s (''Canis lupus familiaris''): Dogs either treat the image as another animal, or come to ignore it completely.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Does my Dog Recognize Himself in a mirror?|url= https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/canine-corner/201107/does-my-dog-recognize-himself-in-mirror |access-date=2022-01-15|website=Psychology Today|language=en}}</ref>

===== Primates =====
* [[Stump-tailed macaque]] (''Macaca arctoides'')<ref name="Gallup" /><ref name="Panda" />
* [[Crab-eating macaque]] (''Macaca fascicularis'')<ref name="Panda" />
* [[Black-and-white colobus]] (''Colobus guereza'')<ref name="Shaffer">{{cite journal |last1=Shaffer |first1=Victoria A. |last2=Renner |first2=Michael J. |title=Black-and-White Colobus Monkeys (''Colobus guereza'') do not Show Mirror Self-Recognition |journal=International Journal of Comparative Psychology |date=31 December 2000 |volume=13 |issue=3 |doi=10.46867/C4H01J |s2cid=54843214 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3xh2d90n |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Hamadryas baboon]] (''Papio hamadryas'')<ref name="Panda" />
* [[Cotton-top tamarin]] (''Saguinus oedipus'')<ref name="Tamarin">{{cite journal | first1= M.|last1=Hauser | first2=C.|last2=Miller | first3=K.|last3=Liu | first4=R.|last4=Gupta | year=2001 | journal=American Journal of Primatology | volume=137 | issue=December 2000|title=Cotton-top tamarins (''Saguinus oedipus'') fail to show mirror-guided self-exploration |pages=131–137|doi=10.1002/1098-2345(200103)53:3<131::AID-AJP4>3.0.CO;2-X | pmid=11253848 |s2cid=17250348 }}</ref>
* [[Chacma Baboon]] (Papio Ursius)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dasgupta |first=Shreya |date=2025-02-12 |title=Wild baboons don't recognize their own mirror reflections |url=https://news.mongabay.com/short-article/wild-baboons-dont-recognize-their-own-mirror-reflections/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Birds ====
* [[Grey parrot]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lin |first1=Yi |last2=Pey |first2=Enle |last3=Liu |first3=Qunxiu |last4=Ma |first4=Jun |last5=Zhang |first5=Endi |last6=Zhao |first6=Junyi |last7=Chen |first7=Min |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03949370.2023.2178031 |title=Mirror responses in African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) support the gradualist perspective on mirror self-recognition |journal=Ethology Ecology & Evolution |doi=10.1080/03949370.2023.2178031 |date=27 February 2023 |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=730–745 |bibcode=2023EtEcE..35..730L |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311152121/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/03949370.2023.2178031 |archive-date=2025-03-11}}</ref>
* [[New Caledonian crow]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Davies |first=E. |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/14897544 |title=Crows use mirrors to find food |publisher=[[BBC]] Nature |date=20 September 2011 |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921020334/https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/14897544 |archive-date=2011-09-21}}</ref>
* [[Jackdaw]]<ref name="Soler">{{cite journal|last1=Soler|first1=M.|last2=Pérez-Contreras|first2=T.|last3=Peralta-Sánchez|first3=J.M. |year=2014 |title=Mirror-mark tests performed on jackdaws reveal potential methodological problems in the use of stickers in avian mark-test studies |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9|issue=1 |pages=e86193 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0086193 |pmid=24475085 |pmc=3903501 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...986193S |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Great tit]] (''Parus major'')<ref name="Kraft">{{cite journal | last1=Kraft|first1=F.L. | last2=Forštová|first2=T. |last3=Utku Urhan|first3=A. | last4=Exnerová|first4=A. | last5=Brodin|first5=A. | year=2017 | title=No evidence for self-recognition in a small passerine, the great tit (''Parus major'') judged from the mark/mirror test | journal=Animal Cognition | volume=20 | issue=6 | pages = 1049–1057 | doi = 10.1007/s10071-017-1121-7 | doi-access=free | pmid=28762195 | pmc= 5640729 }}</ref>

==== Fish ====
*The Tanganyikan cichlid, or daffodil cichlid (''[[Neolamprologus pulcher]]''), is another fish that has failed the mirror test, according to a study done in 2017. Although not [[cleaner fish]] like the [[cleaner wrasses]], these fish are typically regarded as socially intelligent and can recognize conspecifics in their social groups. Therefore, they would theoretically make good candidates for the mirror test, but they ended up failing. Similar to the cleaner wrasse, the Tanganyikan cichlid first exhibited signs of aggression towards the mirrored image. After a colored mark was injected, the researchers found no increased scraping or trying to remove the mark, and the cichlids did not observe the side with the mark any longer than it would have otherwise. This demonstrates a lack of contingency checking and means that the Tanganyikan cichlid did not pass the mirror test.<ref name="Hotta">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hotta T, Komiyama S, Kohda M | year=2018 | journal = Animal Cognition | volume= 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 127–136 | title = A social cichlid fish failed to pass the mark test | doi = 10.1007/s10071-017-1146-y | pmid = 29150813| s2cid=3950089 }}</ref>

==== Cephalopods ====
* [[Octopodes]] oriented towards their image in a mirror, but no difference in their behaviour (as observed by humans) was seen in this condition when compared with a view of other octopodes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mather |first1=Jennifer A. |last2=Kuba |first2=Michael J. |title=The cephalopod specialties: complex nervous system, learning, and cognition |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |date=June 2013 |volume=91 |issue=6 |pages=431–449 |doi=10.1139/cjz-2013-0009 |bibcode=2013CaJZ...91..431M }}</ref>