Editing Organizational learning (section)

=== Knowledge protection ===
[[Digital transformation]] means that not only machines and [[IT]] but also people are digitally interlinked.<ref>Spath, D., Ganschar, O., Gerlach, S., Hämmerle, M., Krause, 
T., & Schlund, S. (2013). Produktionsarbeit der Zukunft Industrie 4.0. Stuttgart: Fraunhofer Verlag</ref> Knowledge cannot be directly secured same way as information is protected.<ref>Thalmann, S., Manhart, M., Ceravolo, P., & Azzini, A. (2014). An integrated risk management framework: Measuring the success of organizational knowledge protection. International Journal of Knowledge Management, 10(2), 28–42.</ref> There are formal and informal methods that can be used to protect organizational knowledge. Formal methods include Legal methods - such as [[confidentiality agreement]]s, [[patent]]s, [[copyright]]s, [[license]]<nowiki/>es and [[trademark]]s - and Technical methods - such as protecting communication channels, systems and storage and technically constraining the access to the knowledge. Informal methods instead include secrecy, education, social norms and complexity, i.e. carefully choosing what knowledge to share and to whom, and making sure others do the same. The formal and informal methods should be used in good balance.  <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ilvonen |first1=Ilona |last2=Thalmann |first2=Stefan |last3=Manhart |first3=Markus |last4=Sillaber |first4=Christian |date=2018-04-03 |title=Reconciling digital transformation and knowledge protection: a research agenda |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14778238.2018.1445427 |journal=Knowledge Management Research & Practice |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=235–244 |doi=10.1080/14778238.2018.1445427 |s2cid=196033786 |issn=1477-8238}}</ref>