Editing Pakistan Movement (section)

== Conclusion ==
{{further|Partition of India|Indian Independence Act 1947|Bangladesh Liberation War|1969 uprising in East Pakistan|Breakup of East and West Pakistan}}

Sir [[Syed Ahmad Khan]]'s (1817–1898) philosophical ideas played a direct role in the Pakistan Movement.<ref name="Nazaria-e-Pakistan, AIML">{{cite web|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/establishment-of-all-india-muslim-league/|title=Establishment of All India Muslim League|website=Nazaria-e-Pakistan, AIML|date=June 2003|access-date=18 March 2014|display-authors=etal|archive-date=27 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827005003/http://storyofpakistan.com/establishment-of-all-india-muslim-league/|url-status=live}}</ref> His [[Two-Nation Theory]] became more and more obvious during the Congress rule (1937-1939) in India. In 1946 it was seen that Muslim majorities in the North-west and North-east India had agreed to the idea of Pakistan, as a response to Congress's policies,{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} which were also the result of leaders such as Jinnah leaving the party in favour of the Muslim League,<ref>{{cite book|title=Muhammad Jinnah: An Ambassador of Unity|asin=B0040SYONC|author=Sarojini Naidu}}</ref> Congress had won in seven of the eleven provinces in 1937<ref>{{cite book |author=Sikandar Hayat |year=1998 |orig-year=First published 1991 |title=Aspects of the Pakistan movement |edition=2nd |location=Islamabad |publisher=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research |page=25 |isbn=969-415-053-1}}</ref> but the Muslim League failed to achieve majority in any province.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

But the main motivating and [[integrating factor]] was that the Muslims' intellectual class wanted representation; the masses needed a platform on which to unite.<ref name="Nazaria-e-Pakistan, AIML" /> It was the dissemination of western thought by [[John Locke]], [[John Milton|Milton]] and [[Thomas Paine]], at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] that initiated the emergence of Pakistan Movement.<ref name="Nazaria-e-Pakistan, AIML" /> According to [[Pakistan Studies]] curriculum, [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] is often referred to as 'the first Pakistani'.<ref>{{cite news | title=History books contain major distortions | work=Daily Times | url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_30-3-2004_pg7_16 | access-date=16 April 2012 | archive-date=6 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606172153/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_30-3-2004_pg7_16 | url-status=live }}</ref> Muhammad Ali Jinnah also acclaimed the [[Pakistan movement]] to have started when the first Muslim put foot in the [[Gateway of Islam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan Movement|url=http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/pakistan_movement.html|website=cybercity-online.net|access-date=15 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201083149/http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/pakistan_movement.html|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After the independence in 1947, violence and upheavals continued to be faced by Pakistan, as [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] became the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] in 1947.<ref name="Nova Science Publishers">{{cite book |editor=Sohail Mahmood |year=2006 |title=Good governance reforms agenda in Pakistan : current challenges |publisher=Nova Science Publishers |location=New York |isbn=978-1-60021-418-9}}</ref> The [[Bengali Language Movement|issue]] involving the equal status of [[Urdu]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] languages created divergence in the country's political ideology.<ref name="Story of Pakistan documents">{{cite web|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-separation-of-east-pakistan/|title=Separation of East Pakistan|date=June 2003|publisher=Story of Pakistan documents|access-date=7 February 2014|archive-date=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002090348/http://storyofpakistan.com/the-separation-of-east-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|military take over]] in 1958 was followed by rapid [[Industry of Pakistan|industrialisation]] in the 1960s.<ref name="Nova Science Publishers"/> Economic grievances, unbalanced financial payments, provincialism and ethnic nationalism led to a bloody [[Bangladesh Liberation War|armed struggle]] in East Pakistan in the early 1970s, which eventually resulted with East Pakistan [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|becoming]] Bangladesh in 1971.<ref name="Story of Pakistan documents" />

In the successive periods of the tragedy of East-Pakistan, the country continued to rebuild and reconstruct itself constitutionally and embarked on its path to be transformed into [[republicanism]] in its full measure.<ref name="PublicAffairs">{{cite book|title=Pakistan: A Hard Country|last=Lieven|first=Anatol|date=2011|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-61039-023-1|edition=1st|location=New York}}</ref>  The [[Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|XIII]] amendment (1997) and [[Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|XVIII]] amendment (2010) transformed the country into becoming a [[parliamentary republic]] as well as also becoming a [[Nuclear power in Pakistan|nuclear power]] in the subcontinent.<ref name="A.P.H. Pub. Corp.">{{cite book|title=Nuclear Pakistan|last=Chitkara|first=M.G.|publisher=A.P.H. Pub. Corp.|year=1996|isbn=978-81-7024-767-8|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

=== Non-Muslims contribution and efforts ===
{{Main|Christianity in Pakistan|Hinduism in Pakistan|Sikhism in Pakistan|Protestantism in Pakistan}}

Jinnah's vision was supported by a few of the Hindus, Sikhs, Parsis, Jews and Christians who lived in Muslim-dominated regions of undivided India.<ref name="Renaissance Bookshop">{{cite book|last=Heyworth-Dunne|first=James|title=Pakistan: the birth of a new Muslim state|year=1952|publisher=Renaissance Bookshop|location=University of Michigan|asin=B000N7G1MG|page=173|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TS4BAAAAMAAJ&q=jogendra+nath+leader|access-date=18 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204131253/https://books.google.com/books?id=TS4BAAAAMAAJ&q=jogendra+nath+leader|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Routledge Publishing Co.">{{cite book |author1=Tai Yong Tan |author-link1=Tan Tai Yong |author2=Gyanesh Kudaisya |author-link2=Gyanesh Kudaisya |year=2000 |title=The Aftermath of partition in South Asia:Pakistan |publisher=Routledge Publishing Co. |location=London |isbn=978-0-203-45766-5 |pages=ix–327 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5zEtBxk72wC&q=Pakistan+movement+and+jogendra+nath+leader&pg=PR9 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204131031/https://books.google.com/books?id=O5zEtBxk72wC&q=Pakistan+movement+and+jogendra+nath+leader&pg=PR9 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The most notable and influential Hindu figure in the Pakistan Movement was [[Jogendra Nath Mandal]] from Bengal. Jagannath Azad was from the [[Urdu-speaking]] belt.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sophia Ajaz|title=Hindus' contribution towards making of Pakistan|url=http://criticalppp.com/archives/35305|publisher=Sophia Ajaz|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618065928/http://criticalppp.com/archives/35305|archive-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> Mandal represented the Hindu contingent calling for an independent Pakistan, and was one of the founding fathers of Pakistan.<ref name="Renaissance Bookshop" /> After independence, Mandal was given ministries of [[Law Minister of Pakistan|Law]], [[Ministry of Justice (Pakistan)|Justice]], and [[Ministry of Labour (Pakistan)|Work-Force]] by Jinnah in Liaquat Ali Khan's government.<ref name="Renaissance Bookshop" /> Ironically, despite all his good contributions, Mandal was badly ignored in the emerging political scenario. He returned to India and submitted his resignation to Liaquat Ali Khan, the then-Prime Minister of Pakistan. He mentioned incidents related to social injustice and a biased attitude towards non-Muslim minorities in his resignation letter.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Forgotten hero|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/234965-Forgotten-hero|work=The News International|language=en|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225085218/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/234965-Forgotten-hero|url-status=live}}</ref>

Although the [[All India Conference of Indian Christians]] opposed the partition of India and creation of Pakistan,<ref name="Thomas1974">{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Abraham Vazhayil |title=Christians in Secular India |year=1974 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |isbn=978-0-8386-1021-3 |pages=107–108 |language=en}}</ref> a minority of Christians dissented from this position and played a pivotal role in the creation of Pakistan.<ref name="Pakistan Daily">{{cite web|title=Christians played vital role in Pakistan Movement|url=http://www.daily.pk/christians-played-vital-role-in-pakistan-movement-5871/|work=Pakistan Daily|access-date=7 February 2012}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The notable Christians included [[Victor Turner (civil servant)|Sir Victor Turner]] and [[Alvin Robert Cornelius]].<ref name="Oxford University Press, Karachi">{{cite book|author=Aminullah Chaudry|title=The founding fathers|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press, Karachi|location=Karachi, Sindh Province|isbn=978-0-19-906171-6|url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/08/07/excerpt-the-founding-fathers.html|access-date=7 February 2012|archive-date=14 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914170713/https://www.dawn.com/news/650005/excerpt-the-founding-fathers|url-status=live}}</ref> Turner was responsible for the economic, financial planning of the country after independence.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Karachi" /> Turner was one of the founding fathers<ref name="Oxford University Press, Karachi" /> of Pakistan, and guided Jinnah and Ali Khan on economic affairs, taxation and handling of the administrative units.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Karachi" /> Alvin Robert Cornelius was elevated as Chief Justice of Lahore High Court bench by Jinnah and served as Law Secretary in Liaquat Ali Khan's government.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Karachi" />

===As an example or inspiration===
{{Main|Pakistanism}}

The Pakistan Movement became an inspiration in different countries of the world. Protection of one's beliefs, equal rights, and liberty were incorporated in the state's constitution. Arguments presented by [[Ali Mazrui]] pointed out that the South Sudan's [[South Sudan Liberation Movement|movement]] led to the partition of the Sudan into Sudan proper, which is primarily Muslim, and South Sudan, which is primarily Christian and animistic.<ref name="guardian1">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/09/sudan-secession-postcolonial-africa |title=Is this Pakistanism in Sudan? |first=Ali |last=Mazrui |author-link=Ali Mazrui |date=9 February 2011 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=31 August 2011 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921042055/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/09/sudan-secession-postcolonial-africa |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Europe, [[Alija Izetbegović]], the first President of the [[Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], began to embrace the "Pakistan model" in the 1960s, alienating [[Serbs]] who would use this ideology to attack Bosniaks later on,<ref>[[Faisal Devji]], ''Muslim Zion: Pakistan as a Political Idea'', Hurst Publishers, (2013), p. 248</ref> while in his ''[[Islamic Declaration]]'' he "designated Pakistan as a model country to be emulated by Muslim revolutionaries worldwide."<ref>[[Vjekoslav Perica]], ''[[Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States]]'', Oxford University Press (2002), p. 77</ref>

===Memory and legacy===
{{Main|Minar-e-Pakistan|Tomb of Allama Iqbal|Mazar-e-Quaid}}
[[File:Minar e Pakistan.jpg|thumb|374x374px|[[Minar-e-Pakistan]], where the bill of [[Lahore Resolution]] was passed on 22-24 March 1940]]
The Pakistan Movement has a central place in Pakistan's memory. The founding story of the Pakistan Movement is not only covered in school and university [[Pakistani textbooks controversy|textbooks]] but also in innumerable monuments.<ref name="Lexington, 2004">{{cite book|editor-last=Saha|editor-first=Santosh C.|title=Religious fundamentalism in the contemporary world: critical social and political issues|year=2004|location=Lanham, MD|publisher=Lexington|isbn=978-0-7391-0760-7}}</ref> Almost all key events are covered in Pakistan's textbooks, literature, and novels as well.<ref name="Lexington, 2004"/> Thus, the [[Fourteenth of August]] is one of major and most celebrated [[national day]]s in Pakistan.<ref name="Tribune Express 2013">{{cite news|title=Independence day: Hope, joy and mausoleum climbing|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/590123/pakistan-independence-day-live-updates/|access-date=8 February 2014|newspaper=Tribune Express 2013|date=14 August 2013|archive-date=5 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205082217/http://tribune.com.pk/story/590123/pakistan-independence-day-live-updates/|url-status=live}}</ref> To many authors and historians, Jinnah's legacy is Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mohiuddin|first=Yasmeen Niaz|title=Pakistan : a global studies handbook|year=2007|publisher=ABC-Clio|location=Santa Barbara, Calif. [u.a.]|isbn=978-1-85109-801-9}}</ref>

The [[Minar-e-Pakistan]] is a monument which has attracted ten thousand visitors.<ref name="Gohar Publications,">{{cite book|last=Siddiqui|first=S.A.|title=Social Studies|year=2012|publisher=Gohar Publications|location=Lahore, Punjab|isbn=978-969-526-022-7}}</ref> The ''Minar-e-Pakistan'' still continues to project the memory to the people to remember the birth of Pakistan.<ref name="Gohar Publications,"/> Jinnah's estates in Karachi and Ziarat has attracted thousands visitors.<ref name="Express Tribune, Mulk">{{cite news|author=Muhammad Adil Mulk|title=Being Jinnah|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/481577/being-mr-jinnah/|access-date=9 February 2014|newspaper=Express Tribune, Mulk|date=23 December 2012|archive-date=21 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221232709/http://tribune.com.pk/story/481577/being-mr-jinnah/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Historian of Pakistan, [[Vali Nasr]], argues that the [[universalism#Islam|Islamic universalism]] had become a main source of the Pakistan Movement that shaped patriotism, meaning, and nation's birth.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nasr|first=Vali|title=Islamic Leviathan : Islam and the Making of State Power|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford U.K.|isbn=978-0-19-803296-0}}</ref> To many Pakistanis, Jinnah's role is viewed as a modern [[Moses]]-like leader;<ref name="Washington Post, 2010">{{cite news|last=Ahmad|first=Akbar|title=Thomas Jefferson and Mohammed Ali Jinnah: Dreams from two founding fathers|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/02/AR2010070202442.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=4 July 2010|access-date=9 February 2014|archive-date=30 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630215541/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/02/AR2010070202442.html|url-status=live}}</ref> whilst many other founding fathers of the nation-state also occupy extremely respected places in the hearts of the people of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Enver|first=E.H. |year=1990 |title=The modern Moses: A brief biograhpy [sic] of M.A. Jinnah |publisher=Jinnah Memorial Institute |pages=164 pages |oclc=24361532}}</ref>