Editing Participle (section)

==== Hindi and Urdu ====
There are two types of participles in [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] (called together [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]), aspectual participles which mark the aspect and non-aspectual participles which do not mark verbal aspect. The table below mentions the different participles present in [[Hindustani grammar|Hindustani]], ''ɸ'' denotes the verb root. The aspectual participles can take a few other copulas after them besides the verb '''''honā''''' "to be". Those copular verbs are '''''rêhna''''' ''"to stay", '''ānā''' "to come", '''jānā''' "to go".<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Michael C.|title=A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1989|isbn=81-208-0475-9|location=New Delhi|pages=216–246}}</ref>''
{|
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{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="7" |'''''ASPECTUAL PARTICIPLES<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tokaj|first=Jolanta|date=2016-06-01|title=A comparative study of participles, converbs and absolute constructions in Hindi and Medieval Rajasthani|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317806929|journal=Lingua Posnaniensis|volume=58|pages=105–120|doi=10.1515/linpo-2016-0007|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Subbarao|first1=K.|last2=Arora|first2=Harbir|date=2009-01-01|title=The Conjunctive Participle in Dakkhini Hindi-Urdu: Making the Best of Both Worlds*|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284936098|volume=70|pages=359–386}}</ref>'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |Participles
! colspan="2" |Example
baiṭhnā / बैठना / بیٹھنا / to sit
! rowspan="2" |Translation
|-
! colspan="2" |''DECLINABLE''
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" |'''[[Habitual aspect|Habitual]]'''
|♂
|ɸ-tā
|ɸ-tē
|बैठता بیٹھتا  
baiṭhtā
|बैठते بیٹھتے   
baithtē
| rowspan="2" |sits, used to sit
|-
|♀
|ɸ-tī
|ɸ-tīm̥
|बैठती بیٹھتی

baiṭhtī
|बैठतीं بیٹھتیں

baiṭhtīm̥
|-
! rowspan="2" |'''[[Perfective aspect|Perfective]]'''
|♂
|ɸ-(y)ā
|ɸ-(y)ē
|बैठा بیٹھا  
baiṭhā
|बैठे بیٹھے

baiṭhē
| rowspan="2" |sat
|-
|♀
|ɸ-(y)ī
|ɸ-(y)īm̥
|बैठी بیٹھی

baiṭhī
|बैठीं بیٹھیں

baiṭhīm̥
|-
! rowspan="2" |'''[[Progressive aspect|Progressive<sup>''1''</sup>]]'''
|♂
|ɸ + rahā
|ɸ + rahē
|बैठ रहा بیٹھ رہا 
baiṭh rahā
|बैठ रहे بیٹھ رہے

baiṭh rahē
| rowspan="2" |(in the process of) sitting
|-
|♀
|ɸ + rahī
|ɸ + rahīm̥
|बैठ रही بیٹھ رہی

baiṭh rahī
|बैठ रहीं بیٹھ رہیں

baiṭh rahīm̥
|-
! rowspan="2" |'''[[Perfective aspect|Perfective]]'''
'''Adjectival<sup>''2''</sup>'''
|♂
|ɸ-(y)ā huā
|ɸ-(y)ē huē
|बैठा हुआ بیٹھاہوا 
baiṭhā huā
|बैठे हुए بیٹھےہوئے

baiṭhē huē
| rowspan="2" |sitting
|-
|♀
|ɸ-(y)ī huī
|ɸ-(y)ī huīm̥
|बैठी हुई بیٹھیہی

baiṭhī huī
|बैठी हुईं بیٹھی ہوئیں 
baiṭhī huīm̥
|-
! rowspan="2" |'''[[Imperfective aspect|Imperfective]]'''
'''Adjectival<sup>''2''</sup>'''
|♂
|ɸ-tā huā
|ɸ-tē huē
|बैठता हुआ بیٹھتا ہوا  
baiṭhtā huā
|बैठते हुए بیٹھتے ہوئے

baiṭhtē huē
| rowspan="2" |(in the process of) sitting
|-
|♀
|ɸ-tī huī
|ɸ-tī huīm̥
|बैठती हुई بیٹھتی ہی

baiṭhtī huī
|बैठती हुईं بیٹھتی ہوئیں

baiṭhtī huīm̥
|-
! colspan="2" |''INDECLINABLE''
| colspan="5" |
|-
! colspan="2" |Imperfective
'''Progressive'''
| colspan="2" |ɸ-tē-ɸ-tē
| colspan="2" |बैठते-बैठते بیٹھتے - بیٹھتے  
baiṭhtē-baiṭhtē
|while (in the process of) sitting
|-
! colspan="2" |Perfective
Progressive
| colspan="2" |ɸ-ē-ɸ-ē
| colspan="2" |बैठे-बैठे بیٹھے- بیٹھے 
baiṭhē-baiṭhē
|while (already) sitting
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="7" |'''''NON-ASPECTUAL PARTICIPLES <ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Citation|last=Montaut|first=Annie|title=On the nature of the Hindi infinitive: History as an answer to its syntactic behavior?|date=2018-09-10|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327599073|work=Trends in Hindi Linguistics|pages=115–146|isbn=978-3-11-061079-6|access-date=2020-07-03}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Campbell|first=George L.|title=Compendium of the World's Languages|publisher=Routledge|year=1995|isbn=0-415-11392-X|location=Great Britain|pages=225–229}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Michael C.|title=A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt Ltd|year=2003|isbn=81-208-0508-9|location=New Delhi|pages=116}}</ref>'''''
|-
! colspan="4" |Participles
! colspan="2" |Example
baiṭhnā / बैठना / بیٹھنا / to sit
! rowspan="2" |Translation
|-
! colspan="2" |''DECLINABLE''
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" |'''[[Infinitive]]'''
|♂
|ɸ-nā
|ɸ-nē
|बैठना بیٹھنا  
baiṭhnā
|बैठने بیٹھنے

baiṭhnē
| rowspan="2" |to sit
|-
|♀
|ɸ-nī
|ɸ-nīm̥
|बैठनी بیتھنی

baiṭhnī
|बैठनीं بیٹھنیں

baiṭhnīm̥
|-
! rowspan="2" |'''[[Prospective aspect|Prospective]]'''
&

'''[[Agent (grammar)|Agentive]]'''
|♂
|ɸ-nēvālā
|ɸ-nēvālē
|बैठनेवाला بیٹھنولا  
baiṭhnēvālā
|बैठनेवाले بیٹھنوالے  
baiṭhnēvālē
| rowspan="2" |(prospective) going to sit

(agentive) a person who sits [sit-er]
|-
|♀
|ɸ-nēvālī
|ɸ-nēvālīm̥
|बैठनेवाली بیٹھنوالی

baiṭhnēvālī
|बैठनेवालीं بیٹھنوالیں

baiṭhnēvālīm̥
|-
! colspan="2" |''INDECLINABLE''
| colspan="5" |
|-
! colspan="2" |'''Oblique'''
'''Infinitive'''
| colspan="2" |ɸ-nē
| colspan="2" |बैठने بیٹھنے  
baiṭhnē
|to sit, sitting
|-
! colspan="2" |'''Conjunctive'''
| colspan="2" |ɸ-kē, ɸ-kar
| colspan="2" |बैठके, बैठकर بیٹھکے ، بیٹھکر  
baiṭhkē, baiṭhkar
|having done sitting, by sitting
|}
|-
| colspan="2" |'''<sup>''1''</sup>''' ''<small>The periphrasatic adjectival marker huā, huē, huī, and huīm̥ are shortened to wā, wē, wī, and wīm̥ respectively in colloquial speech.</small>''
|-
| colspan="2" |'''<sup>''2''</sup>''' ''<small>The progressive aspect marking participles rahā, rahē, rahī, and rahīm̥ are shortened to rā, rē, rī, and rīm̥ respectively in colloquial speech.</small>''
|}