Editing Permaculture (section)

== Applications ==

=== Agroforestry ===

[[File:Faidherbia albida.JPG|thumb|[[Agroforestry]] in Burkina Faso, with maize under trees]]

[[Agroforestry]] uses the interactive benefits from combining trees and shrubs with crops or livestock. It combines agricultural and [[forestry]] technologies to create more diverse, productive, profitable, healthy and sustainable land-use systems.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 August 2011 |title=USDA National Agroforestry Center (NAC) |url=http://nac.unl.edu |access-date=21 October 2011 |publisher=UNL |archive-date=12 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812062112/http://nac.unl.edu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Trees or shrubs are intentionally used within agricultural systems, or [[non-timber forest product]]s are cultured in forest settings.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 August 2011 |title=USDA Agroforestry Strategic Framework |url=https://www.usda.gov/documents/OC/FactSheet_final_8-1-11.pdf |access-date=19 January 2017 |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref>

=== Forest gardens ===

[[File:Claire Gregorys Permaculture garden.jpg|thumb|Suburban forest garden in [[Sheffield]], UK, with different layers of vegetation]]

[[Forest gardening|Forest gardens]] or food forests are permaculture systems designed to mimic natural forests. Forest gardens incorporate processes and relationships that the designers understand to be valuable in natural ecosystems.<ref name="Edible Forest Gardening"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Graham Bell's Forest Garden |url=http://permaculture.mediamice.net/?page_id=26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308060346/http://permaculture.mediamice.net/?page_id=26 |archive-date=8 March 2012 |website=Permaculture |publisher=Media mice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2009 |title=Establishing a Food Forest |url=http://transitionculture.org/2009/02/11/film-review-%E2%80%9Cestablishing-a-food-forest-the-permaculture-way-series/ |publisher=Transition culture |type=film review}}</ref> A mature forest ecosystem is organised into layers with constituents such as trees, [[understory]], [[ground cover]], [[soil]], fungi, insects, and other animals. Because plants grow to different heights, a diverse community of organisms can occupy a relatively small space, each at a different layer.<ref name="TCP 2013">{{cite web |title=Nine layers of the edible forest garden |date=27 May 2013 |url=http://tcpermaculture.com/site/2013/05/27/nine-layers-of-the-edible-forest-garden/ |publisher=TC permaculture}}.</ref>

* [[Rhizosphere (ecology)|Rhizosphere]]: Root layers within the soil. The major components of this layer are the soil and the organisms that live within it such as plant roots and [[rhizomes|zomes]] (including [[root crop]]s such as potatoes and other edible [[tuber]]s), fungi, insects, nematodes, and earthworms.<ref name="TCP 2013"/>
* Soil surface/[[groundcover]]: Overlaps with the [[herbaceous layer]] and the [[groundcover layer]]; however plants in this layer grow much closer to the ground, densely fill bare patches, and typically can tolerate some foot traffic. [[Cover crop]]s retain soil and lessen [[erosion]], along with [[green manure]]s that add nutrients and [[organic matter]], especially [[Nitrogen fixation|nitrogen]].<ref name="TCP 2013"/>
* [[Herbaceous layer]]: Plants that die back to the ground every winter, if cold enough. No woody stems. Many beneficial plants such as culinary and medicinal herbs are in this layer; whether [[Annual plant|annuals]], [[Biennial plant|biennials]], or [[perennials]].<ref name="TCP 2013"/>
* [[Shrub layer]]: woody [[perennials]] of limited height. Includes most berry bushes.<ref name="TCP 2013"/>
* [[Understory]] layer: trees that flourish under the canopy.<ref name="TCP 2013"/>
* The [[canopy (biology)|canopy]]: the tallest trees. Large trees dominate, but typically do not saturate the area, ''i.e.,'' some patches are devoid of trees.<ref name="TCP 2013"/>
* Vertical layer: climbers or [[vine]]s, such as [[runner bean]]s and [[lima bean]]s (vine varieties).<ref name="TCP 2013"/><ref>{{Citation |title=Food forests |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519011208/http://permacultureschool.ca/food-forests/seven-layers-of-a-forest/ |contribution=Seven layers of a forest |contribution-url=http://permacultureschool.ca/food-forests/seven-layers-of-a-forest/ |place=[[Canada|CA]] |publisher=Permaculture school |access-date=5 May 2014 |archive-date=19 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}.</ref>

=== Suburban and urban permaculture ===

[[File:South Central Farm 4.jpg|thumb|[[South Central Farm]] was one of the largest urban gardens in the United States before its demolition in 2006.]]

The fundamental element of suburban and urban permaculture is the efficient utilization of space. ''Wildfire'' journal suggests using methods such as the [[keyhole garden]] which require little space.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ReBKAAAAYAAJ |title=Wildfire |date=1992 |publisher=University of Virginia |volume=6 |pages=22}}</ref> Neighbors can collaborate to increase the scale of transformation, using sites such as recreation centers, neighborhood associations, city programs, faith groups, and schools. Columbia, an [[ecovillage]] in [[Portland, Oregon]], consisting of 37 apartment condominiums, influenced its neighbors to implement permaculture principles, including in front-yard gardens.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spencer |first=Jan |date=Winter 2017 |title=Green and Resilient Neighborhoods: Portland, Oregon and Beyond |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/03837e98df0a0a8d1e29a5550efaddf1/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=48912 |journal=Communities |volume=177 |pages=49–54 |via=ProQuest}}</ref> Suburban permaculture sites such as one in [[Eugene, Oregon]], include rainwater catchment, edible landscaping, removing paved driveways, turning a garage into living space, and changing a south side patio into passive solar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Suburban Permaculture |url=https://www.suburbanpermaculture.org/ |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Suburban Permaculture}}</ref>

[[Vacant lot farm]]s are community-managed farm sites, but are often seen by authorities as temporary rather than permanent.<ref name="Korsunsky 2019">{{Cite journal |last=Korsunsky |first=Alex |date=2019 |title=From vacant land to urban fallows: a permacultural approach to wasted land in cities and suburbs |url=http://206.189.126.38:8081/index.php/JPE/article/view/22949 |journal=Journal of Political Ecology |volume=26 |pages=293–294 |doi=10.2458/v26i1.22949 |s2cid=199175607|doi-access=free }}</ref> For example, Los Angeles' [[South Central Farm]] (1994–2006), one of the largest urban gardens in the United States, was bulldozed with approval from property owner Ralph Horowitz, despite community protest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuipers |first=Dean |date=23 April 2020 |title=Digging the Dirt on an L.A. Farm |url=https://www.altaonline.com/dispatches/a7718/dean-kuipers-los-angeles-farm/ |website=Alta Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngo |first=Audrey |date=20 August 2018 |title=Hope Grows at the Once 'Magical' Site Of LA's South Central Farm |url=https://laist.com/2018/08/20/new_hope_sprouts_in_fight_to_bring_back_las_historic_south_central_farm.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820181314/http://www.laist.com/2018/08/20/new_hope_sprouts_in_fight_to_bring_back_las_historic_south_central_farm.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 August 2018 |website=LAist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alpert Reyes |first=Emily |date=2 July 2019 |title=Latest battle over South Central Farm ends – this time not with arrests, but a vote |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-south-central-farm-alameda-industrial-businesses-20190702-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

The possibilities and challenges for suburban or urban permaculture vary with the built environment around the world. For example, land is used more ecologically in [[Jaisalmer]], [[India]] than in American [[planned city|planned cities]] such as Los Angeles:<ref name="Korsunsky 2019"/>

{{blockquote|the application of universal rules regarding setbacks from roads and property lines systematically creates unused and purposeless space as an integral part of the built landscape, well beyond the classic image of the vacant lot. ... Because these spaces are created in accordance with a general pattern, rather than responding to any local need or desire, many if not most are underutilized, unproductive, and generally maintained as ecologically disastrous lawns by unenthusiastic owners. In this broadest understanding of wasted land, the concept is opened to reveal how our system of urban design gives rise to a ubiquitous pattern of land that, while not usually conceived as vacant, is in fact largely without ecological or social value.<ref name="Korsunsky 2019"/>|author=Korsunsky (2019) |title="From vacant land to urban fallows: a permacultural approach to wasted land in cities and suburbs" }}

=== Marine systems ===

[[File:Harvesting seaweed in Jambiani.jpg|thumb|Harvesting of [[seaweed]] in [[Jambiani]], [[Tanzania]] ]]

Permaculture derives its origin from agriculture, although the same principles, especially its foundational ethics, can also be applied to [[mariculture]], particularly [[seaweed farming]]. In [[Marine Permaculture]], [[Upwelling|artificial upwelling]] of cold, deep ocean water is induced.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Foundation: Marine Permaculture |url=https://www.climatefoundation.org/what-is-marine-permaculture.html |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=Climate Foundation }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Santa Barbara Permaculture Network - local to global, an educational non-profit since 2000 - Events |url=http://www.sbpermaculture.org/events.html#event46poster |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=Sbpermaculture.org}}</ref> When an attachment substrate is provided in association with such an upwelling, and [[kelp]] [[sporophytes]] are present, a [[kelp forest]] ecosystem can be established (since kelp needs the cool temperatures and abundant dissolved macronutrients present in such an environment).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hollarsmith |first1=Jordan A. |last2=Buschmann |first2=Alejandro H. |last3=Camus |first3=Carolina |last4=Grosholz |first4=Edwin D. |date=1 January 2020 |title=Varying reproductive success under ocean warming and acidification across giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) populations |journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology |volume=522 |pages=151247 |doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2019.151247 |issn=0022-0981 |doi-access=|bibcode=2020JEMBE.52251247H |s2cid=208555472 }}</ref> [[Microalgae]] proliferate as well.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Flannery |first=Tim |title=Sunlight and Seaweed: An Argument for How to Feed, Power and Clean Up the World |publisher=Text Publishing House Melbourne |year=2017 |isbn=9781925498684 |location=Melbourne, Victoria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Zhibing |last2=Liu |first2=Jingjing |last3=Li |first3=Shanglu |last4=Chen |first4=Yue |last5=Du |first5=Ping |last6=Zhu |first6=Yuanli |last7=Liao |first7=Yibo |last8=Chen |first8=Quanzhen |last9=Shou |first9=Lu |last10=Yan |first10=Xiaojun |last11=Zeng |first11=Jiangning |display-authors=3 |date=10 March 2020 |title=Kelp cultivation effectively improves water quality and regulates phytoplankton community in a turbid, highly eutrophic bay |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719355561 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=707 |pages=135561 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.70735561J |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135561 |issn=0048-9697 |pmid=31972904 |last12=Chen |first12=Jianfang |s2cid=209725048|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Marine forest habitat is beneficial for many fish species,<ref>{{Citation |last1=Wernberg |first1=Thomas |chapter=Status and Trends for the World's Kelp Forests |date=1 January 2019 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128050521000036 |title=World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition) |pages=57–78 |editor-last=Sheppard |editor-first=Charles |publisher=Academic Press |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-805052-1.00003-6 |isbn=978-0-12-805052-1 |access-date=29 July 2020 |last2=Krumhansl |first2=Kira |last3=Filbee-Dexter |first3=Karen |last4=Pedersen |first4=Morten F.|s2cid=134294676 }}</ref> and the kelp is a renewable resource for food, animal feed,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Belanche |first1=Alejandro |last2=Jones |first2=Eleanor |last3=Parveen |first3=Ifat |last4=Newbold |first4=Charles J. |date=2016 |title=A Metagenomics Approach to Evaluate the Impact of Dietary Supplementation with Ascophyllum nodosum or Laminaria digitata on Rumen Function in Rusitec Fermenters |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=7 |page=299 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00299 |issn=1664-302X |pmc=4785176 |pmid=27014222 |doi-access=free}}</ref> medicines<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Girão |first1=Mariana |last2=Ribeiro |first2=Inês |last3=Ribeiro |first3=Tiago |last4=Azevedo |first4=Isabel C. |last5=Pereira |first5=Filipe |last6=Urbatzka |first6=Ralph |last7=Leão |first7=Pedro N. |last8=Carvalho |first8=Maria F. |display-authors=3 |date=2019 |title=Actinobacteria Isolated From Laminaria ochroleuca: A Source of New Bioactive Compounds |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=10 |page=683 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2019.00683 |issn=1664-302X |pmc=6465344 |pmid=31024480 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and various other commercial products.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Laurens |first1=Lieve M. L. |last2=Lane |first2=Madeline |last3=Nelson |first3=Robert S. |date=6 May 2020 |title=Sustainable Seaweed Biotechnology Solutions for Carbon Capture, Composition, and Deconstruction |journal=Trends in Biotechnology |volume=38 |issue=11 |pages=1232–1244 |doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.03.015 |issn=0167-7799 |pmid=32386971 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Buschmann |first1=Alejandro H. |title=Chapter Six - The Status of Kelp Exploitation and Marine Agronomy, with Emphasis on Macrocystis pyrifera, in Chile |date=1 January 2014 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124080621000068 |work=Advances in Botanical Research |volume=71 |pages=161–188 |editor-last=Bourgougnon |editor-first=Nathalie |series=Sea Plants |publisher=Academic Press |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-408062-1.00006-8 |access-date=29 July 2020 |last2=Prescott |first2=Steven |last3=Potin |first3=Philippe |last4=Faugeron |first4=Sylvain |last5=Vásquez |first5=Julio A. |last6=Camus |first6=Carolina |last7=Infante |first7=Javier |last8=Hernández-González |first8=María Carmen |last9=Gutíerrez |first9=Alfonso |display-authors=3 |hdl=10533/128618 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> It is also a powerful tool for carbon fixation.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Flannery |first=Tim |title=Can seaweed help curb global warming? |date=23 September 2019 |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/tim_flannery_can_seaweed_help_curb_global_warming |access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Krause-Jensen |first1=Dorte |last2=Lavery |first2=Paul |last3=Serrano |first3=Oscar |last4=Marbà |first4=Núria |last5=Masque |first5=Pere |last6=Duarte |first6=Carlos M. |display-authors=3 |date=30 June 2018 |title=Sequestration of macroalgal carbon: the elephant in the Blue Carbon room |journal=Biology Letters |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=20180236 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2018.0236 |pmc=6030603 |pmid=29925564}}</ref>

The upwelling can be powered by [[renewable energy]] on location. Vertical mixing has been reduced due to [[ocean stratification]] effects associated with [[climate change]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barton |first1=E. D. |last2=Field |first2=D. B. |last3=Roy |first3=C. |date=1 September 2013 |title=Canary current upwelling: More or less? |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079661113001134 |journal=Progress in Oceanography |volume=116 |pages=167–178 |bibcode=2013PrOce.116..167B |doi=10.1016/j.pocean.2013.07.007 |issn=0079-6611 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10261/80552}}</ref> Reduced vertical mixing and marine heatwaves have decimated seaweed ecosystems in many areas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thomsen |first1=Mads S. |last2=Mondardini |first2=Luca |last3=Alestra |first3=Tommaso |last4=Gerrity |first4=Shawn |last5=Tait |first5=Leigh |last6=South |first6=Paul M. |last7=Lilley |first7=Stacie A. |last8=Schiel |first8=David R. |display-authors=3 |date=2019 |title=Local Extinction of Bull Kelp (Durvillaea spp.) Due to a Marine Heatwave |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2019.00084 |issn=2296-7745 |doi-access=free |s2cid=69173935}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Straub |first1=Sandra C. |last2=Wernberg |first2=Thomas |last3=Thomsen |first3=Mads S. |last4=Moore |first4=Pippa J. |last5=Burrows |first5=Michael T. |last6=Harvey |first6=Ben P. |last7=Smale |first7=Dan A. |display-authors=3 |date=2019 |title=Resistance, Extinction, and Everything in Between – The Diverse Responses of Seaweeds to Marine Heatwaves |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2019.00763 |issn=2296-7745 |doi-access=free |s2cid=209324664|hdl=2160/465c66d5-e36f-4392-b45d-e76611368800 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wernberg |first1=T. |last2=Bennett |first2=S. |last3=Babcock |first3=R. C. |last4=de Bettignies |first4=T. |last5=Cure |first5=K. |last6=Depczynski |first6=M. |last7=Dufois |first7=F. |last8=Fromont |first8=J. |last9=Fulton |first9=C. J. |last10=Hovey |first10=R. K. |last11=Harvey |first11=E. S. |display-authors=3 |date=8 July 2016 |title=Climate-driven regime shift of a temperate marine ecosystem |journal=Science |volume=353 |issue=6295 |pages=169–172 |bibcode=2016Sci...353..169W |doi=10.1126/science.aad8745 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=27387951 |doi-access=free |s2cid=206645399|hdl=20.500.11937/31133 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Marine permaculture mitigates this by restoring some vertical mixing and preserves these important ecosystems. By preserving and regenerating habitat offshore on a platform, marine permaculture employs natural processes to regenerate marine life.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ZJLHJJNBsVI Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200714195723/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJLHJJNBsVI Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite web |last=Powers |first=Matt |date=10 July 2019 |title=Marine Permaculture with Brian Von Herzen Episode 113 A Regenerative Future |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJLHJJNBsVI&list=PU9Jg0zsgjNxjltlFjE0YvNw&index=109 |website=Youtube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/y8RojQZbsB8 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200714195553/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8RojQZbsB8 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite web |last=Gamble |first=Morag |date=3 December 2019 |title=Marine Permaculture with Dr Brian von Herzen & Morag Gamble |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8RojQZbsB8&t=1s |website=Youtube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

=== Grazing ===

[[File:Conservation Grazing Longhorn Cattle to manage NNR at Ruislip Lido.jpg|thumb|Conservation grazing: 
[[English Longhorn|Longhorn Cattle]] managing the [[national nature reserve (United Kingdom)|national nature reserve]] at [[Ruislip Lido]] ]]

Grazing is blamed for much destruction. However, when grazing is modeled after nature, it can have the opposite effect.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2012 |title=Prince Charles sends a message to IUCN's World Conservation Congress |url=http://www.iucn.org/knowledge/multimedia/video/?10774/Prince-Charles-sends-a-message-to-IUCNs-World-Conservation-Congress |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315111928/http://www.iucn.org/knowledge/multimedia/video/?10774%2FPrince-Charles-sends-a-message-to-IUCNs-World-Conservation-Congress |archive-date=15 March 2013 |access-date=6 April 2013 |website=International Union for Conservation of Nature }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Undersander |first=Dan |display-authors=etal |title=Grassland birds: Fostering habitat using rotational grazing |url=http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/a3715.pdf |access-date=5 April 2013 |publisher=University of Wisconsin-Extension}}</ref> [[Grazing#Cell grazing|Cell grazing]] is a system of grazing in which herds or flocks are regularly and systematically moved to fresh range with the intent to maximize forage quality and quantity. [[Sepp Holzer]] and [[Joel Salatin]] have shown how grazing can start [[ecological succession]] or prepare ground for planting. [[Allan Savory]]'s [[holistic management]] technique has been likened to "a permaculture approach to [[rangeland management]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fairlie |first=Simon |title=Meat: A Benign Extravagance |publisher=Chelsea Green |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-60358325-1 |pages=191–93}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bradley |first=Kirsten |date=26 April 2010 |title=Holistic Management: Herbivores, Hats, and Hope |url=http://milkwood.net/2010/04/27/holistic_management_herbivores_hats_and_hope/ |access-date=25 March 2014 |publisher=Milkwood}}</ref> One variation is [[conservation grazing]], where the primary purpose of the animals is to benefit the environment and the animals are not necessarily used for meat, milk or fiber.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ash |first=Andrew |title=The Ecograze Project – developing guidelines to better manage grazing country |url=http://www.cse.csiro.au/publications/2002/Ecograzepart1.pdf  |year=2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410052228/http://www.cse.csiro.au/publications/2002/Ecograzepart1.pdf |others=et al. |publisher=CSIRO |isbn=978-0-9579842-0-2 |access-date=7 April 2013 |archive-date=10 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Caroline |title=Things to make you happy: Google employs goats |url=http://news.cnet.com/things-to-make-you-happy-google-employs-goats/?tag=mncol;title |access-date=7 April 2013 |website=CNET}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Ian |title=A systems approach to livestock/resource interactions in tropical pasture systems |url=http://www.be-troplive.be/betroplive/pdf/20121205_944831251_2%20iain%20gordon.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203081104/http://www.be-troplive.be/betroplive/pdf/20121205_944831251_2%20iain%20gordon.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2014 |access-date=7 April 2013 |website=The James Hutton Institute}}</ref> Sheep can replace lawn mowers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2013 |title=Munching sheep replace lawn mowers in Paris |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/world/story/munching-sheep-replace-lawn-mowers-paris-20130404 |access-date=7 April 2013 |website=The Straits Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Klynstra |first=Elizabeth |title=Hungry sheep invade Candler Park |url=http://www.cbsatlanta.com/story/19864571/100-sheep |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203163425/http://www.cbsatlanta.com/story/19864571/100-sheep |archive-date=3 February 2014 |access-date=7 April 2013 |website=CBS Atlanta}}</ref> Goats and sheep can eat invasive plants.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Littman |first=Margaret |title=Getting your goat: Eco-friendly mowers |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2011/07/26/getting-your-goat-eco-friendly-mowers/ |access-date=7 April 2013 |website=Chicago Tribune News |date=26 July 2011 |archive-date=12 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512055949/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-07-26/classified/sc-home-0725-garden-goat-20110726_1_goats-invasive-plants-gardeners |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Stevens |first=Alexis |title=Kudzu-eating sheep take a bite out of weeds |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/local/kudzu-eating-sheep-take-bite-out-weeds/3DBdnOslJuZtPQIyaS5VdP/ |access-date=8 June 2021 |website=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution}}</ref>

=== Natural building ===

{{further|Sustainable architecture}}

[[File:Cob with living roof.jpg|thumb|Small [[Cob (material)|cob]] building with a [[living roof]] ]]

[[Natural building]] involves using a range of building systems and materials that apply permaculture principles. The focus is on durability and the use of minimally processed, plentiful, or [[renewable resource]]s, as well as those that, while recycled or salvaged, produce healthy living environments and maintain indoor air quality. For example, cement, a common building material, emits [[carbon dioxide]] and is harmful to the environment while natural building works with the environment, using materials that are biodegradable, such as [[Cob (material)|cob]], [[adobe]], [[rammed earth]] (unburnt clay), and [[Straw-bale construction|straw bale]] (which insulates as well as modern synthetic materials).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quiquivix |first=Linda |date=2017 |title=Beyond Permaculture Ethics: Review of Permaculture Magazine's Film Series, "Living with the Land" |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10455752.2017.1353229?journalCode=rcns20 |journal=Capitalism Nature Socialism |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=130 |doi=10.1080/10455752.2017.1353229 |via=[[Taylor & Francis]] |s2cid=148659771|url-access=subscription }}</ref>