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Stop motion
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===1980s=== In the 1970s and 1980s, [[Industrial Light & Magic]] often used stop-motion model animation in such films as the [[Star Wars original trilogy|original ''Star Wars'' trilogy]]: the holochess sequence in ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'', the Tauntauns and AT-AT walkers in ''[[The Empire Strikes Back]]'', and the AT-ST walkers in ''[[Return of the Jedi]]'' were all filmed using stop-motion animation, with the latter two films utilising [[go motion]]: an invention from renowned visual effects veteran [[Phil Tippett]]. The many shots including the ghosts in ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' , the Dragon in ''[[Dragonslayer (1981 film)|Dragonslayer]]'', and the first two feature films in the ''[[RoboCop]]'' series use Tippett's go motion. In the UK, Aardman Animations continued to grow. [[Channel 4]] funded a new series of clay animated films, ''[[Conversation Pieces]]'', using recorded soundtracks of real people talking. A further series in 1986, called ''Lip Sync'', premiered the work of [[Richard Goleszowski]] (''Ident''), [[Barry Purves]] (''Next''), and [[Nick Park]] (''[[Creature Comforts]]''), as well as further films by Sproxton and Lord. ''Creature Comforts'' won the Oscar for Best Animated Short in 1990. In 1986, they also produced a notable [[Sledgehammer (Peter Gabriel song)#Music video|music video for "Sledgehammer"]], a song by [[Peter Gabriel]]. In 1980, Marc Paul Chinoy directed the 1st feature-length clay animated film, based on the famous ''[[Pogo (comics)|Pogo]]'' comic strip. Titled ''I go Pogo''. It was aired a few times on American cable channels but has yet to be commercially released. Primarily clay, some characters required armatures, and walk cycles used pre-sculpted hard bases legs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Priebe|first=Ken A.|title=The Advanced Art of Stop-Motion Animation|url=https://archive.org/details/advancedartstopm00prie|url-access=limited|publisher=Course Technology|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4354-5613-6|location=Boston|pages=[https://archive.org/details/advancedartstopm00prie/page/n47 25]}}</ref> Stop-motion was also used for some shots of the final sequence of the first ''[[The Terminator|Terminator]]'' movie, also for the scenes of the small alien ships in [[Steven Spielberg|Spielberg]]'s ''[[Batteries Not Included]]'' in 1987, animated by [[David W. Allen]]. Allen's stop-motion work can also be seen in such feature films as ''[[The Crater Lake Monster]]'' (1977), ''[[Q (1982 film)|Q - The Winged Serpent]]'' (1982), ''[[The Gate (1987 film)|The Gate]]'' (1987) and ''Freaked'' (1993). Allen's King Kong [[Volkswagen]] commercial from the 1970s is now legendary among model animation enthusiasts. In 1985, [[Will Vinton]] and his team released an ambitious feature film in stop-motion called "[[The Adventures of Mark Twain (1985 film)|The Adventures Of Mark Twain]]" based on the life and works of the famous American author. While the film may have been a little sophisticated for young audiences at the time, it got rave reviews from critics and adults in general.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} Vinton's team also created the Nomes and the Nome King for Disney's "[[Return to Oz]]" feature, for which they received an Academy Award Nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects|Special Visual Effects]]. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Will Vinton became very well known for his commercial work as well with stop-motion campaigns including [[The California Raisins]] and [[The Noid]]. [[JiΕΓ Barta]] released his award-winning fantasy film [[The Pied Piper (1986 film)|The Pied Piper]] (1986). From 1986 to 1991, [[Churchill Films]] produced ''[[The Mouse and the Motorcycle]]'', ''[[Runaway Ralph]]'', and ''[[Ralph S. Mouse]]'' for ABC television. The shows featured stop-motion characters combined with live action, based on the books of Beverly Cleary. John Clark Matthews was the animation director, with Justin Kohn, Joel Fletcher, and Gail Van Der Merwe providing character animation.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0196767/, https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094541/, https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0196895/ {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref> The company also produced other films based on children's books. From 1986 to 2000, [[List of Pingu episodes|over 150 five-minute episodes]] of ''[[Pingu]]'', a Swiss [[children's television series|children's]] [[animated comedy|comedy]], were produced by Trickfilmstudio. Aardman Animations' [[Nick Park]] became very successful with his short claymation ''[[Creature Comforts]]'' in 1989, which had [[talking animals in fiction|talking animals]] voicing [[vox pop]] interviews. Park then used the same format to produce a series of commercials between 1990 and 1992. The commercials have been credited as having introduced a more "caring" way of advertising in the UK. [[Richard Goleszowski]] later directed two 13-episode ''Creature Comforts'' TV series (2003, 2005β2006) and a Christmas special (2005). Also in 1989, Park introduced his very popular clay characters [[Wallace and Gromit]] in ''[[A Grand Day Out]]''. Three more short films and one feature film and many TV adaptions and spin-offs would follow. Among many other awards, Park won the [[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature]] for the feature-length outing ''[[Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit]]''. Park also worked on the ''[[Chicken Run]]'' movie, which was another film from Aardman Animations.
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