Editing Subjunctive mood (section)

====Portuguese====
In Portuguese, as in Spanish, the subjunctive (''subjuntivo'' or ''conjuntivo'') is complex, being generally used to talk about situations which are seen as doubtful, imaginary, hypothetical, demanded, or required. It can also express emotion, opinion, disagreement, denial, or a wish. Its value is similar to the one it has in formal English:

'''Present subjunctive'''
* Command: '' Faça-se luz!'' "Let there be light!"
* Wish: '' Viva o rei!'' "Long live the king!"
* Necessity: ''É importante que ele compreenda isso.'' "It is important that he ''understand'' that."
* In certain, subordinate clauses:
** ''Ainda que seja o meu aniversário...'' "Even though ''it be'' my birthday..."
** ''Antes que eu vá...'' "Before ''I go''..."
'''Imperfect (past) subjunctive'''

As in Spanish, the imperfect subjunctive is in vernacular use, and it is employed, among other things, to make the tense of a subordinate clause [[Agreement (linguistics)|agree]] with the tense of the main clause:
* English: ''It is'' [present indicative] necessary that ''he speak'' [present subjunctive]. → ''It was'' [past indicative] necessary that ''he speak'' [present subjunctive].
* Portuguese: ''É'' [present indicative] ''necessário que ele fale'' [present subjunctive]. → ''Era necessário'' [past (imperfect) indicative] ''que ele falasse'' [past (imperfect) subjunctive].

The imperfect subjunctive is also used when the main clause is in the [[conditional tense|conditional]]:
* English: It ''would be'' [conditional] necessary that ''he speak'' [present subjunctive].
* Portuguese: ''Seria'' [conditional] ''necessário que ele falasse'' [imperfect subjunctive].

There are authors{{who|date=December 2016}} who regard the conditional of Portuguese as a "future in the past" of the indicative mood, rather than as a separate mood; they call it ''futuro do pretérito'' ("future of the past"), especially in Brazil.

'''Future subjunctive'''

Portuguese differs from other Ibero-Romance languages in having retained the medieval future subjunctive (''futuro do subjuntivo''), which is rarely used in Spanish and has been lost in other [[West Iberian languages|West Iberic]] languages. It expresses a condition that must be fulfilled in the future, or is assumed to be fulfilled, before an event can happen. Spanish and English will use the present tense in this type of clause.

For example, in [[conditional sentence]]s whose main clause is in the conditional, Portuguese, Spanish and English employ the past tense in the subordinate clause. Nevertheless, if the main clause is in the future, Portuguese will employ the future subjunctive where English and Spanish use the present indicative. (English, when being used in a rigorously formal style, takes the present subjunctive in these situations, example: "Should I be, then...") Contrast the following two sentences.
* English: If ''I were'' [past subjunctive] king, I would end [conditional] hunger.
** Spanish: ''Si fuera'' [imperfect subjunctive] ''rey, acabaría con'' [conditional] ''el hambre''.
** Portuguese: ''Se fosse'' [imperfect subjunctive] ''rei, acabaria com'' [conditional] ''a fome''.
* English: If ''I am'' [present indicative] [technical English is "should I ''be''" present subjunctive] elected president, I will change [future indicative] the law.
** Spanish: ''Si soy'' [present indicative] ''elegido presidente, cambiaré'' [future indicative] ''la ley''.
** Portuguese: ''Se for'' [future subjunctive] ''eleito presidente, mudarei'' [future indicative] ''a lei''.

The first situation is [[counterfactual conditional|counterfactual]]; the listener knows that the speaker is not a king. However, the second statement expresses a promise about the future; the speaker may yet be elected president.

For a different example, a father speaking to his son might say:
* English: When ''you are'' [present indicative] older, you will understand [future indicative].
* Spanish: ''Cuando seas'' [present subjunctive]  ''mayor, comprenderás'' [future indicative].
* French: ''Quand tu seras'' [future indicative] ''grand, tu comprendras'' [future indicative].
* Italian: ''Quando sarai'' [future indicative] ''grande, comprenderai'' [future indicative].
* Portuguese: ''Quando fores'' [future subjunctive] ''mais velho, compreenderás'' [future indicative].

The future subjunctive is identical in form to the personal infinitive in regular verbs, but they differ in some irregular verbs of frequent use. However, the possible differences between the two tenses are due only to stem changes. They always have the same endings.

The meaning of sentences can change by switching subjunctive and indicative:
* ''Ele pensou que eu fosse alto'' (He thought that I was tall [and I am not])
* ''Ele pensou que eu era alto'' (He thought that I was tall [and I am or I am not sure whether I am or not])
* ''Se formos lá'' (If we go there)
* ''Se vamos lá'' (equivalent to "if we are going there")

Below, there is a table demonstrating subjunctive and conditional conjugation for regular verbs of the first paradigm (-ar), exemplified by ''falar'' (to speak) .
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Grammatical person!! Past subjunctive !! Present subjunctive!! Future subjunctive !! Conditional (future of past)
|-
|Eu||falasse || fale || falar || falaria
|-
|Tu|| falasses || fales || falares || falarias
|-
|Ele/Ela|| falasse || fale || falar || falaria
|-
|Nós|| falássemos || falemos || falarmos || falaríamos 
|-
|Vós|| falásseis || faleis || falardes || falaríeis
|-
|Eles/Elas|| falassem || falem || falarem || falariam
|}
'''Compound subjunctives'''

Compound verbs in subjunctive are necessary in more complex sentences, such as subordinate clauses with embedded perfective tenses e.g., perfective state in the future. To form compound subjunctives auxiliar verbs (''ter'' or ''haver'') must conjugate to the respective subjunctive tense, while the main verbs must take their participles.

*Queria que ''houvesses sido eleito'' presidente (I wish you ''had been elected'' president)
*É importante que ''hajas compreendido'' isso. (It is important that you ''have comprehended'' that)
*Quando ''houver sido eleito'' presidente, mudarei a lei (When I ''will have been elected'' president, I will change the law)
*A cidade ''haver-se-ia afundado'' se não fosse por seus alicerces (The city ''would have sunk'', if not for its foundation)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Grammatical person!! Past subjunctive !! Present subjunctive!! Future subjunctive!! Conditional
|-
|Eu||houvesse/tivesse falado ||haja/tenha falado  ||houver/tiver falado ||haveria/teria falado
|-
|Tu||houvesses/tivesses falado ||hajas/tenhas falado  ||houveres/tiveres falado ||haverias/terias falado
|-
|Ele/Ela||houvesse/tivesse falado ||haja/tenha falado  ||houver/tiver falado ||haveria/teria falado
|-
|Nós||houvéssemos/tivéssemos falado ||hajamos/tenhamos falado  ||houvermos/tivermos falado ||haveríamos/teríamos falado
|-
|Vós||houvésseis/tivésseis falado ||hajais/tenhais falado  ||houverdes/tiverdes falado ||haveríeis/teríeis falado
|-
|Eles/Elas||houvessem/tivessem falado ||hajam/tenham falado  ||houverem/tivermos falado ||haveriam/teriam falado
|}