Editing Swarm behaviour (section)

====Moths====
Moths may exhibit synchronized mating, during which pheromones released by females initiate searching and swarming behavior in males.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Stepien | first1 = T.L. | last2 = Zmurchok | first2 = C. | last3 = Hengenius | first3 = J.B. | last4 = Caja Rivera | first4 = R.M. | last5 = D'Orsogna | first5 = M.R.|author5-link=Maria Rita D'Orsogna | last6 = Lindsay | first6 = A.E. | year = 2000 | title = Moth Mating: Modeling Female Pheromone Calling and Male Navigational Strategies to Optimize Reproductive Success. | journal = Applied Sciences | volume = 10 | issue = 18 | pages = 6543 | doi=10.3390/app10186543| doi-access = free }}</ref> Males sense pheromones with sensitive antennae and may track females as far as several kilometers away.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Badeke | first1 = B. | last2 = Haverkamp | first2 = A. | last3 = Sachse | first3 = S.A. | year = 2016 | title = A challenge for a male noctuid moth? Discerning the female sex pheromone against the background of plant volatiles. | journal = Frontiers in Physiology | volume = 7 | pages = 143 | doi=10.3389/fphys.2016.00143| pmid = 27199761 | pmc = 4843018 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Swarm mating involves female choice and male competition. Only one male in the swarm—typically the first—will successfully copulate.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Greenfield | first1 = M.D. | year = 1981| title =Moth sex pheromones: an evolutionary perspective. | journal = The Florida Entomologist | volume = 64 | issue = 1| pages = 4–17 | doi=10.2307/3494597| jstor = 3494597 }}</ref> Females maximize [[Fitness (biology)|fitness]] benefits and minimize cost by governing the onset and magnitude of pheromone deployed. Too little pheromone will not attract a mate, too much allows less fit males to sense the signal.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Umbers | first1 = K.D.L. | last2 = Symonds | first2 = M.R.E. | last3 = Kokko | first3 = H. | year = 2015 | title = The Mothematics of female pheromone signaling: Strategies for aging virgins. | journal = American Naturalist | volume = 185 | issue = 3 | pages = 417–432 | doi=10.1086/679614| pmid = 25674695 | bibcode = 2015ANat..185..417U | hdl = 1885/13166 | s2cid = 13846468 | url = https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/187449/1/50Umbers.pdf | hdl-access = free }}</ref> After copulation, females lay the eggs on a host plant. Quality of host plant may be a factor influencing the location of swarming and egg-laying. In one case, researchers observed pink-striped oakworm moths (''[[Anisota virginiensis]]'') swarming at a [[carrion]] site, where decomposition likely increased soil nutrient levels and host plant quality.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mason | first1 = D.S. | last2 = Baruzzi | first2 = C. | year = 2019 | title = Love in strange places. | journal = Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | volume = 17 | issue = 3| pages = 184 | doi=10.1002/fee.2027| doi-access = free | bibcode = 2019FrEE...17..184M }}</ref>