Editing Toyota R engine (section)

===22R===<!-- This section is linked from [[Toyota Celica]] -->
[[File:1989ToyotaHiluxSURF4x4-engine.jpg|thumb|22R-E engine fitted in a 1989 [[Toyota Hilux Surf|Hilux Surf]]]]

The 2-valve [[SOHC]] {{convert|2366|cc|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} '''22R''' was produced from 1981 through 1997.

Cylinder bore and stroke was {{convert|92x89|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}.

Initial output was {{convert|72|kW|hp PS|0|abbr=on}} at 4,800&nbsp;rpm and {{convert|174|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,800&nbsp;rpm. By 1990 the 22R was producing {{convert|81|kW|hp PS|0|abbr=on}} at 5,000&nbsp;rpm and {{convert|187|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 3,400&nbsp;rpm.

The first [[fuel injected]] '''22R-E''' engines appeared in August 1982. Output of these engines is commonly rated at {{convert|78|kW|hp PS|0|abbr=on}} at 4,800&nbsp;rpm and {{convert|185|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,800&nbsp;rpm.

In 1985, the engine was significantly reworked, output was up to {{convert|84|kW|hp PS|0|abbr=on}} at 4,800&nbsp;rpm and {{convert|190|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 3,600&nbsp;rpm. Many parts from the newer '''22R/R-E''' are not compatible with those from the older pre-1985 engine. Non-compatible parts include the cylinder head, block, pistons and many of the associated parts such as the timing chain and cover, and water and oil pumps (although the oil pump internals are the same).
These changes also affected the 22R, therefore one can consider the 85–95 22R-E as a fuel injected version of the 85–90 22R with only minor differences, if any.

Toyota swapped the dual-row timing chain used in older engines for a single-row chain with plastic guides in 1983. The new system reduced drag on the engine but introduced a new maintenance problem. After about {{convert|100000|mi|km}} of operation, the chain may stretch to the point that the hydraulic-operated chain tensioner cannot take up any more slack. The timing chain then impacts the plastic driver's side chain guide, breaking it within a short period of time and creating a noticeable chattering sound in the front of the engine, especially when cold. If the engine continues to be operated without the guide restraint, the chain will vibrate excessively on the driver's side and stretch rapidly. The result is any of several failure modes.

First, the loose chain will reduce ignition timing accuracy, which usually results in noticeably rough running. Second, it may jump a tooth on the drive sprocket or break entirely, which almost always results in major damage to an [[interference engine]]. Third, the stretched chain can slap against the side of the timing cover and wear through the metal into the coolant passage behind the water pump, resulting in major damage to both the oil and cooling systems (sometimes mis-diagnosed as a head gasket failure). The damaged aluminum timing cover is difficult to repair effectively and is typically replaced after such an event. Aftermarket timing-chain kits for the 22R/R-E typically include steel-backed guides that do not readily break even after the initial chain stretching has occurred, permitting the chain to run beyond the {{convert|100000|mi|km}} point without further incident. However, some Toyota mechanics will recommend the plastic guides as they will break when the timing chain is stretched; When the guides break a noticeable chatter is heard from the timing chain slapping on the cover, warning the operator of a worn timing chain.

The [[turbocharged]] '''22R-TE''' (sold from late 1985 through 1988) produced {{convert|101|kW|hp PS|abbr=on}} at 4,800&nbsp;rpm and {{convert|234|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,800&nbsp;rpm.

These engines are extremely well known for their durability, decent fuel efficiency and good low to mid range torque.

However, its weakness is high-end power. The '''22R''' has a large displacement and a strong block, but its comparatively long stroke and restrictive head limit its use in high revving applications. Thus, the Toyota [[Toyota R engine#18R-G|18R-G]], [[Toyota T engine#2T-G|2T-G]], [[Toyota 4A-GE|4A-GE]] and [[Toyota S engine#3S-GE|3S-GE]] 4-cylinder engines are better suited for performance applications.

A popular modification to the early 22R is to use a 20R head. Contrary to popular lore, the 20R head does not have smaller combustion chambers. The misunderstanding originated when the 22R came out and an advantage was its higher compression ratio, so swapping a 20R block with a 22R, there was a compression increase. The 20R head has straight ports, so can flow better than the 22R head, improving high RPM power. The 20R head is a simple bolt-on modification for the pre-1985 block, but also requires the use of the 20R intake manifold, making it almost impossible (there's a lot of matching necessary) to use with the 22R-E EFI system.<ref name="toysport">{{cite web|url=http://www.toysport.com/technical%20information/22r_tech_notes.htm|title=Toysport – 22R Tech Notes|accessdate=2009-10-07|year=2000|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111044404/http://www.toysport.com/Technical%20Information/22r_tech_notes.htm|archivedate=2010-01-11}}</ref> For blocks 1985 and onwards, further modifications are required.<ref name="lcengineering20r22r">{{cite web|url=http://www.lcengineering.com/LCTechPages/techpages/eng17.html|title=LC Engineering – Using a 20R Head on an 85–95 22RE Block|accessdate=2009-10-07|year=2004}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Code
! Power
! Torque
! Years
! Comments
|-
| 22R
| {{convert|72|kW|hp PS|0|abbr=on}} at 4,800 rpm
| {{convert|174|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,800 rpm
| 1981–1990
| carb, dual row timing chain ('81–'82)
carb, single row timing chain ('83–'90)
|-
| 22R
| {{convert|81|kW|hp PS|0|abbr=on}} at 5,000 rpm
| {{convert|187|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 3,400 rpm
| 1990–1995
|
|-
| 22R-E
| {{convert|78|kW|hp PS|0|abbr=on}} at 4,800 rpm
| {{convert|185|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,800 rpm
| 1983–1984
| EFI, single row timing chain
|-
| 22R-E
| {{convert|84|kW|hp PS|0|abbr=on}} at 4,800 rpm
| {{convert|190|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 3,600 rpm
| 1985–1997
| EFI, single row timing chain
|-
| 22R-TE
| {{convert|101|kW|hp PS|0|abbr=on}} at 4,800 rpm
| {{convert|234|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,800 rpm
| 1986–1988
| turbocharged, single row timing chain
|}

Applications:
* 22R
** 1981-1982 [[Toyota Corona]]
** 1981–1997 [[Toyota Hilux]]
** 1981–1984 [[Toyota Celica]]
** 1991 [[Toyota Cressida]]
** 1981–1995 [[Toyota Pickup]]
** 1984 [[Toyota 4Runner]]
** 1984–1989 [[Toyota Land Cruiser Prado#Predecessor (J70; 1984)|Toyota Land Cruiser II, Bundera]]
* 22R-E
** 1985–1995 [[Toyota Hilux]]
** 1983–1985 [[Toyota Celica]]
** 1983–1987 [[Toyota Corona (T140)|Toyota Corona]] RT142
** 1984–1995 [[Toyota Pickup]]
** 1985–1995 [[Toyota 4Runner]]
** 1989–1997 [[Volkswagen Taro]]
* 22R-TE
** late 1985–1988 [[Toyota Hilux]]
** 1986–1987 [[Toyota 4Runner]]