Editing Value theory (section)

=== Psychology ===
{{main|Psychology}}
As the study of [[Mind|mental phenomena]] and behavior, psychology contrasts with sociology and anthropology by focusing more on the perspective of individuals than the broader social and cultural contexts.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Steinert|2023|p=4}} | {{harvnb|Woodworth|Marquis|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IXPpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 5]}} }}</ref> Psychologists tend to understand values as abstract [[Motivation|motivational]] goals or general principles about what matters.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Steinert|2023|pp=7–8}} | {{harvnb|Schwartz|Cieciuch|2016|pp=106–107}} }}</ref> From this perspective, values differ from specific plans and [[intention]]s since they are stable evaluative tendencies not bound to concrete situations.<ref>{{harvnb|Steinert|2023|pp=14, 19–20}}</ref>

Various psychological theories of values establish a close link between an individual's evaluative outlook and their [[personality]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Steinert|2023|pp=4, 11–12}} | {{harvnb|Schwartz|Cieciuch|2016|p=106}} }}</ref> An early theory, formulated by psychologists [[Philip E. Vernon]] and [[Gordon Allport]], understands personality as a collection of aspects unified by a coherent [[value system]]. It distinguishes between six personality types corresponding to the value spheres of theory, economy, aesthetics, society, politics, and religion. For example, people with theoretical personalities place special importance on the [[value of knowledge]] and the discovery of [[truth]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Steinert|2023|pp=11–12}} | {{harvnb|Schwartz|Cieciuch|2016|p=106}} }}</ref> Influenced by Vernon and Allport, psychologist [[Milton Rokeach]] conceptualized values as enduring beliefs about what goals and conduct are preferable. He divided values into the categories of instrumental and terminal values. He thought that a central aspect of personality lies in how people prioritize the values within each category.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Steinert|2023|pp=12–13}} | {{harvnb|Schwartz|Cieciuch|2016|pp=106–107}} }}</ref> Psychologist [[Shalom Schwartz]] refined this approach by linking values to emotion and motivation. He explored how value rankings affect decisions in which the values of different options conflict.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Steinert|2023|pp=13–15}} | {{harvnb|Schwartz|Cieciuch|2016|pp=107–108}} }}</ref>