Editing 1857 (section)

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 1]] &ndash; The biggest [[Estonia]]n newspaper, ''[[Postimees]]'', is established by [[Johann Voldemar Jannsen]].<ref>A Bertricau, Antoine Chalvin L'Estonie: identité et indépendance -- 2001 - Page 349 "1857 Johann Voldemar Jannsen fonde le Perno Postimees (devenu Eesti Postimees en 1864, puis Postimees en 1891)."</ref>
* [[January 7]] &ndash; The partly French-owned [[London General Omnibus Company]] begins operating.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref>
* [[January 9]] &ndash; The 7.9 {{M|w}} [[1857 Fort Tejon earthquake|Fort Tejon earthquake]] shakes [[Central California|Central]] and [[Southern California]], with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of IX (''Violent'').<ref name=Stover>{{citation|last1=Stover|first1=C. W.|last2=Coffman|first2=J. L.|title=Seismicity of the United States, 1568–1989 (Revised) – U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1527|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bY0KAQAAIAAJ|year=1993|publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office]]|pages= 72, 101, 102}}</ref>
* [[January 24]] &ndash; The [[University of Calcutta]] is established in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], as the first multidisciplinary modern university in [[South Asia]]. The [[University of Bombay]] is also established in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[British India]], this year.
* [[February 3]] &ndash; The National Deaf Mute College (later renamed [[Gallaudet University]]) is established in Washington, D.C., becoming the first school for the advanced education of the deaf.
* [[February 5]] &ndash; The [[Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857|Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States]] is promulgated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Día de la Constitución Mexicana (5 de Febrero) |url=http://www.sanmiguelguide.com/constitucion.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030811203929/http://www.sanmiguelguide.com/constitucion.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 11, 2003 |work=Guia de San Miguel |year=2001 |access-date=2011-08-26 }}</ref>
* [[March]] &ndash; The Austrian garrison leaves [[Bucharest]].
* [[March 3]]
** France and the United Kingdom formally declare war on China, in the [[Second Anglo-Chinese War]].
** The [[The Great Slave Auction|largest slave auction in U.S. history]] is held, dubbed ''The Weeping Time''. Over a 2-day period (starting [[March 2]]), Pierce M. Butler sells 436 men, women, children, and infants, all of whom are kept in stalls meant for horses at a racetrack in [[Savannah, Georgia]], for weeks beforehand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2918.html|title=The Weeping Time|work=Africans in America|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service]]|access-date=2011-08-26}}</ref>
* [[March 6]] &ndash; ''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]'': The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] rules that blacks are not citizens and slaves can not sue for freedom, driving the U.S. further towards the [[American Civil War]] (the ruling is not overturned until the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|14th Amendment]] is adopted in [[1868]]).
* [[March 8]]–[[March 12|12]] &ndash; [[Spirit Lake Massacre]], near [[Okoboji, Iowa|Okoboji]] and [[Spirit Lake, Iowa|Spirit]] lakes in the northwestern territory of [[Iowa]] near the [[Minnesota]] border.
* [[March 12]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth Blackwell]] opens a hospital, the [[New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children]].
* [[March 14]] &ndash; [[Youssef Bey Karam]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ehdenfamilytree.org/getperson.php?personID=I1&tree=ehden|title=Youssef KARAM, I b. May 1823 d. 7 Apr 1889: Ehden Family Tree}}</ref> is assigned, by the people of [[Ehden]] and [[Bsharri]], to be the region's ruler.
* [[March 23]] &ndash; [[Elisha Otis]]' first [[elevator]] is installed (at 488 [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]], New York City).
* [[March 25]] &ndash; The [[phonautograph]] is patented by French typesetter [[Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville]]. It is the earliest known device for recording [[sound]].<ref>{{Cite episode |title=1860 'Phonautograph' Is Earliest Known Recording |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=89380697 |access-date=September 19, 2017 |series=Talk of the Nation |last=Flatow |first=Ira |network=NPR |date=April 4, 2008}}</ref>