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1890 in science
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==Chemistry== * [[Nikolai Menshutkin]] discovers that a [[tertiary amine]] can be converted into a [[quaternary ammonium salt]] by reaction with an [[alkyl halide]] – the [[Menshutkin reaction]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=N.|last=Menschutkin|title=Beiträgen zur Kenntnis der Affinitätskoeffizienten der Alkylhaloide und der organischen Amine|journal=[[Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie]]|volume=5|year=1890|page=589}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=N.|last=Menschutkin|title=Über die Affinitätskoeffizienten der Alkylhaloide und der Amine|journal=Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie|volume=6|year=1890|page=41|doi=10.1515/zpch-1890-0107}}</ref> * [[Emil Fischer]] establishes the [[stereochemistry]] and [[isomer]]ic nature of the [[sugar]]s by [[epimer]]ization between [[gluconic acid|gluconic]] and [[mannonic]] acids and synthesizes [[glucose]], [[fructose]] and [[mannose]] from [[glycerol]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Synthese des Traubenzuckers|pages=799–805|first=Emil|last=Fischer|doi=10.1002/cber.189002301126|journal=Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft|year=1890|volume=23|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1425567}}</ref>
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