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== History == Many computer [[instruction set]]s are designed so that a single integer register can store the [[memory address]] to any location in the computer's physical or [[virtual memory]]. Therefore, the total number of addresses to memory is often determined by the width of these registers. The [[IBM]] [[System/360]] of the 1960s was an early 32-bit computer; it had 32-bit integer registers, although it only used the low order 24 bits of a word for addresses, resulting in a 16 [[Mebibyte|MiB]] ({{nowrap|16 × 1024<sup>2</sup> bytes}}) address space. 32-bit [[superminicomputer]]s, such as the [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] [[VAX]], became common in the 1970s, and 32-bit microprocessors, such as the [[Motorola 68000 family]] and the [[IA-32|32-bit members of the x86 family]] starting with the [[Intel 80386]], appeared in the mid-1980s, making 32 bits something of a ''de facto'' consensus as a convenient register size. A 32-bit [[address register]] meant that 2<sup>32</sup> addresses, or 4 [[Gigabyte|GB]] of [[random-access memory]] (RAM), could be referenced. When these architectures were devised, 4 GB of memory was so far beyond the typical amounts (4 MiB) in installations, that this was considered to be enough ''headroom'' for addressing. 4.29 billion addresses were considered an appropriate size to work with for another important reason: 4.29 billion integers are enough to assign unique references to most entities in applications like [[database]]s. Some [[supercomputer]] architectures of the 1970s and 1980s, such as the [[Cray-1]],<ref>{{cite web |year=1977 |title=Cray-1 Computer System Hardware Reference Manual |url=https://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/cray/CRAY-1/2240004C_CRAY-1_Hardware_Reference_Nov77.pdf |access-date=October 8, 2013 |publisher=[[Cray Research]]}}</ref> used registers up to 64 bits wide, and supported 64-bit integer arithmetic, although they did not support 64-bit addressing. In the mid-1980s, [[Intel i860]]<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Jack |last1=Grimes |first2=Les |last2=Kohn |first3=Rajeev |last3=Bharadhwaj |url=https://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/cg/1989/04/mcg1989040085-abs.html |title=The Intel i860 64-Bit Processor: A General-Purpose CPU with 3D Graphics Capabilities |date=July–August 1989 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=85–94|access-date=2010-11-19 |doi=10.1109/38.31467 |journal=IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications |s2cid=38831149|url-access=subscription }}</ref> development began culminating in a 1989 release; the i860 had 32-bit integer registers and 32-bit addressing, so it was not a fully 64-bit processor, although its graphics unit supported 64-bit integer arithmetic.<ref>{{cite web |year=1991 |title=i860 Processor Family Programmer's Reference Manual |url=https://bitsavers.org/components/intel/i860/240875-001_i860_64-Bit_Microprocessor_Programmers_Reference_May91.pdf |access-date=September 12, 2019 |publisher=[[Intel]]}}</ref> However, 32 bits remained the norm until the early 1990s, when the continual reductions in the cost of memory led to installations with amounts of RAM approaching 4 GB, and the use of virtual memory spaces exceeding the 4 GB ceiling became desirable for handling certain types of problems. In response, MIPS and DEC developed 64-bit microprocessor architectures, initially for high-end [[workstation]] and [[Server (computing)|server]] machines. By the mid-1990s, [[HAL Computer Systems]], [[Sun Microsystems]], [[IBM]], [[Silicon Graphics]], and [[Hewlett-Packard]] had developed 64-bit architectures for their workstation and server systems. A notable exception to this trend were [[mainframe computer|mainframes]] from IBM, which then used 32-bit data and 31-bit address sizes; the IBM mainframes did not include 64-bit processors until 2000. During the 1990s, several low-cost 64-bit microprocessors were used in consumer electronics and embedded applications. Notably, the [[Nintendo 64]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=NEC Offers Two High Cost Performance 64-bit RISC Microprocessors|publisher=[[NEC]]|date=1998-01-20|url=http://www.nec.co.jp/press/en/9801/2002.htm|access-date=2011-01-09|quote=Versions of the VR4300 processor are widely used in consumer and office automation applications, including the popular Nintendo 64{{TM|link=no}} video game and advanced laser printers such as the recently announced, award-winning Hewlett-Packard LaserJet 4000 printer family.}}</ref> and the [[PlayStation 2]] had 64-bit microprocessors before their introduction in personal computers. High-end printers, network equipment, and industrial computers also used 64-bit microprocessors, such as the [[Quantum Effect Devices]] [[R5000]].<ref>{{citation |title=MIPS R5000 Microprocessor Technical Backgrounder |url=http://www.sgidepot.co.uk/depot/R5000_Pr_Ov.pdf |access-date=2024-08-19 |publisher=MIPS Technologies, Inc}}</ref> 64-bit computing started to trickle down to the personal computer desktop from 2003 onward, when some models in [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s Macintosh lines switched to [[PowerPC 970]] processors (termed ''G5'' by Apple), and [[Advanced Micro Devices]] (AMD) released its first 64-bit [[x86-64]] processor. Physical memory eventually caught up with 32-bit limits. In 2023, laptop computers were commonly equipped with 16GB and servers starting from 64 GB of memory,<ref>{{Cite web |title=DDR5 {{!}} DRAM |url=https://semiconductor.samsung.com/dram/ddr/ddr5/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Samsung Semiconductor Global |language=en}}</ref> greatly exceeding the 4 GB address capacity of 32 bits. === 64-bit data timeline === ; 1961: IBM delivers the [[IBM 7030 Stretch]] [[supercomputer]], which uses 64-bit data words and 32- or 64-bit instruction words. ; 1974: [[Control Data Corporation]] launches the [[CDC Star-100]] vector supercomputer, which uses a 64-bit word architecture (prior CDC systems were based on a 60-bit architecture). :[[International Computers Limited]] launches the [[ICL 2900 Series]] with 32-bit, 64-bit, and 128-bit [[two's complement]] integers; 64-bit and 128-bit floating point; 32-bit, 64-bit, and 128-bit packed decimal and a 128-bit accumulator register. The architecture has survived through a succession of ICL and Fujitsu machines. The latest is the Fujitsu Supernova, which emulates the original environment on 64-bit Intel processors. ; 1976: [[Cray Research]] delivers the first [[Cray-1]] supercomputer, which is based on a 64-bit word architecture and will form the basis for later Cray vector supercomputers. ; 1983: [[Elxsi]] launches the Elxsi 6400 parallel [[minisupercomputer]]. The Elxsi architecture has 64-bit data registers but a 32-bit address space. ; 1989: [[Intel]] introduces the [[Intel i860]] [[reduced instruction set computer]] (RISC) processor. Marketed as a "64-Bit Microprocessor", it had essentially a 32-bit architecture, enhanced with a 3D graphics unit capable of 64-bit integer operations.<ref name="smithsonian-i860">{{cite web |year=1989 |title=i860 64-Bit Microprocessor |url=https://smithsonianchips.si.edu/intel/i860.htm |access-date=30 November 2010 |publisher=Intel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319200648/https://smithsonianchips.si.edu/intel/i860.htm |archive-date=19 March 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ; 1993: [[Atari]] introduces the [[Atari Jaguar]] [[video game console]], which includes some 64-bit wide data paths in its architecture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Atari Jaguar History |url=https://www.atariage.com/Jaguar/history.html |website=[[AtariAge]]}}</ref> === 64-bit address timeline === ; 1991: [[MIPS Computer Systems]] produces the first 64-bit microprocessor, the [[R4000]], which implements the [[MIPS architecture#MIPS III|MIPS III]] architecture, the third revision of its [[MIPS architecture]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Joe Heinrich |title=MIPS R4000 Microprocessor User's Manual |edition=2nd |year=1994 |publisher=MIPS Technologies, Inc.}}</ref> The CPU is used in [[Silicon Graphics|SGI]] graphics workstations starting with the [[SGI Crimson|IRIS Crimson]]. [[Kendall Square Research]] deliver their first KSR1 supercomputer, based on a proprietary 64-bit RISC processor architecture running [[Tru64 UNIX#OSF/1|OSF/1]]. ; 1992: [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] (DEC) introduces the pure 64-bit [[DEC Alpha|Alpha]] architecture which was born from the [[DEC PRISM|PRISM]] project.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Richard L. Sites |title=Alpha AXP Architecture |journal=Digital Technical Journal |volume=4 |issue=4 |year=1992 |publisher=Digital Equipment Corporation}}</ref> ; 1994: [[Intel]] announces plans for the 64-bit [[IA-64]] architecture (jointly developed with [[Hewlett-Packard]]) as a successor to its 32-bit [[IA-32]] processors. A 1998 to 1999 launch date was targeted. ; 1995: [[Sun Microsystems|Sun]] launches a 64-bit [[SPARC]] processor, the [[UltraSPARC]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gwennap |first=Linley |title=UltraSparc Unleashes SPARC Performance |journal=Microprocessor Report |volume=8 |issue=13 |date=3 October 1994 |publisher=MicroDesign Resources}}</ref> [[Fujitsu]]-owned [[HAL Computer Systems]] launches workstations based on a 64-bit CPU, HAL's independently designed first-generation [[HAL SPARC64|SPARC64]]. IBM releases the A10 and A30 microprocessors, the first 64-bit PowerPC AS processors.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bishop |first=J. W. |display-authors=etal |title=PowerPC AS A10 64-bit RISC microprocessor |journal=IBM Journal of Research and Development |volume=40 |issue=4 |date=July 1996 |pages=495–505 |publisher=IBM Corporation |doi=10.1147/rd.404.0495}}</ref> IBM also releases a 64-bit AS/400 system upgrade, which can convert the operating system, database and applications. ; 1996: [[Nintendo]] introduces the [[Nintendo 64]] video game console, built around a low-cost variant of the MIPS R4000. HP releases the first implementation of its 64-bit [[PA-RISC|PA-RISC 2.0]] architecture, the [[PA-8000]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gwennap |first=Linley |title=PA-8000 Combines Complexity and Speed |journal=Microprocessor Report |volume=8 |issue=15 |date=14 November 1994 |publisher=MicroDesign Resources}}</ref> ; 1998: IBM releases the [[POWER3]] line of full-64-bit PowerPC/[[IBM POWER architecture|POWER]] processors.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=F. P. O'Connell |author2=S. W. White |title=POWER3: The next generation of PowerPC processors |journal=IBM Journal of Research and Development |volume=44 |issue=6 |date=November 2000 |pages=873–884 |publisher=IBM Corporation |doi=10.1147/rd.446.0873}}</ref> ; 1999: Intel releases the [[instruction set]] for the [[IA-64]] architecture. [[AMD]] publicly discloses its set of 64-bit extensions to IA-32, called [[x86-64]] (later branded AMD64). ; 2000: IBM ships its first 64-bit [[z/Architecture]] [[Mainframe computer|mainframe]], the [[zSeries]] z900. z/Architecture is a 64-bit version of the 32-bit [[ESA/390]] architecture, a descendant of the 32-bit [[System/360]] architecture. ; 2001: Intel ships its IA-64 processor line, after repeated delays in getting to market. Now branded [[Itanium]] and targeting high-end servers, sales fail to meet expectations. ; 2003: AMD introduces its [[Opteron]] and [[Athlon 64]] processor lines, based on its [[x86-64|AMD64]] architecture which is the first x86-based 64-bit processor architecture. [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] also ships the 64-bit "G5" [[PowerPC 970]] CPU produced by IBM. Intel maintains that its Itanium chips would remain its only 64-bit processors. ; 2004: Intel, reacting to the market success of AMD, admits it has been developing a clone of the AMD64 extensions named IA-32e (later renamed EM64T, then yet again renamed to Intel 64). Intel ships updated versions of its [[Xeon]] and [[Pentium 4]] processor families supporting the new 64-bit instruction set. :[[VIA Technologies]] announces the [[VIA Isaiah|Isaiah]] 64-bit processor.<ref>{{cite press release |title=VIA Unveils Details of Next-Generation Isaiah Processor Core |url=https://www.via.com.tw/en/resources/pressroom/2004_archive/pr041005_fpf-isaiah.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011053054/https://via.com.tw/en/resources/pressroom/2004_archive/pr041005_fpf-isaiah.jsp |archive-date=2007-10-11 |access-date=2007-07-18 |publisher=VIA Technologies, Inc.}}</ref> ; 2006: Sony, IBM, and Toshiba begin manufacturing the 64-bit [[Cell (processor)|Cell processor]] for use in the [[PlayStation 3]], servers, workstations, and other appliances. Intel released [[Intel Core (microarchitecture)|Core 2 Duo]] as the first mainstream x86-64 processor for its mobile, desktop, and workstation line. Prior 64-bit extension processor lines were not widely available in the consumer retail market (most of 64-bit Pentium 4/D were OEM), 64-bit Pentium 4, Pentium D, and Celeron were not into mass production until late 2006 due to poor yield issue (most of good yield wafers were targeted at server and mainframe while mainstream still remain 130 nm 32-bit processor line until 2006) and soon became low end after Core 2 debuted. AMD released their first 64-bit mobile processor and manufactured in 90 nm. ; 2011: [[ARM Holdings]] announces ARMv8-A, the first 64-bit version of the [[ARM architecture family]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ARMv8 Technology Preview|url=https://www.arm.com/files/downloads/ARMv8_Architecture.pdf|date=October 31, 2011|access-date=November 15, 2012|archive-date=November 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111161327/https://www.arm.com/files/downloads/ARMv8_Architecture.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ; 2012: ARM Holdings announced their Cortex-A53 and Cortex-A57 cores, their first cores based on their 64-bit architecture, on 30 October 2012.<ref name="cortex-a50 announce">{{cite press release |url=https://www.arm.com/about/newsroom/arm-launches-cortex-a50-series-the-worlds-most-energy-efficient-64-bit-processors.php |title=ARM Launches Cortex-A50 Series, the World's Most Energy-Efficient 64-bit Processors |publisher=[[ARM Holdings]] |access-date=2012-10-31}}</ref><ref name="ARM64bKeynote">{{cite web |title=ARM Keynote: ARM Cortex-A53 and ARM Cortex-A57 64bit ARMv8 processors launched| website=ARMdevices.net |date=2012-10-31 |url=http://armdevices.net/2012/10/31/arm-keynote-arm-cortex-a53-and-arm-cortex-a57-64bit-armv8-processors-launched/}}</ref> ; 2013:Apple announces the [[iPhone 5S]], with the world's first 64-bit processor in a smartphone, which uses their [[Apple A7|A7]] ARMv8-A-based system-on-a-chip alongside the [[iPad Air]] and [[iPad Mini 2]] which are the world's first 64-bit processor in a tablet. ; 2014:[[RISC-V]] was published<ref>{{Cite conference |last1=Asanović |first1=Krste |author1-link=Krste Asanović |last2=Patterson |first2=David A. |author2-link=David A. Patterson (computer scientist) |date=August 6, 2014 |title=Instruction Sets Should Be Free: The Case For RISC-V |url=http://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2014/EECS-2014-146.pdf |id=UCB/EECS-2014-146 |publisher=EECS Department, University of California, Berkeley}}</ref>. Google announces the [[Nexus 9]] tablet, the first Android device to run on the 64-bit Tegra K1 chip. ; 2015:Apple announces the [[iPod Touch (6th generation)]], the first iPod Touch to use the 64-bit processor [[Apple A8|A8]] ARMv8-A-based system-on-a-chip alongside the [[Apple TV|Apple TV (4th generation)]] which is the world's first 64-bit processor in an Apple TV. ; 2018:Apple announces the [[Apple Watch|Apple Watch Series 4]], the first Apple Watch to use the 64-bit processor [[Apple S4|S4]] ARMv8-A-based system-on-a-chip. ; 2020:Synopsis announce the ARCv3 ISA, the first 64-bit version of the [[ARC (processor)|ARC ISA]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.synopsys.com/2020-04-07-Synopsys-Introduces-New-64-bit-ARC-Processor-IP-Delivering-Up-to-3x-Performance-Increase-for-High-End-Embedded-Applications | title=Synopsys Introduces New 64-bit ARC Processor IP | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331110658/https://news.synopsys.com/2020-04-07-Synopsys-Introduces-New-64-bit-ARC-Processor-IP-Delivering-Up-to-3x-Performance-Increase-for-High-End-Embedded-Applications | archive-date=31 March 2022}}</ref> === 64-bit operating system timeline === ; 1985: [[Cray]] releases [[UNICOS]], the first 64-bit implementation of the [[Unix]] operating system.<ref>{{cite web |author=Stefan Berka |url=http://www.operating-system.org/betriebssystem/_english/bs-unicos.htm |title=Unicos Operating System |publisher=www.operating-system.org |access-date=2010-11-19 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101126033526/http://operating-system.org/betriebssystem/_english/bs-unicos.htm |archive-date= 26 November 2010 |url-status= live}}</ref> ; 1993: DEC releases the 64-bit [[Tru64 UNIX#OSF/1|DEC OSF/1 AXP]] [[Unix-like]] operating system (later renamed Tru64 UNIX) for its systems based on the [[DEC Alpha|Alpha]] architecture. ; 1994: Support for the [[R8000]] processor is added by [[Silicon Graphics]] to the [[IRIX]] [[operating system]] in release 6.0. ; 1995: DEC releases [[OpenVMS]] 7.0, the first full 64-bit version of OpenVMS for Alpha. First 64-bit [[Linux distribution]] for the Alpha architecture is released.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/4047|title=My Life and Free Software|author=Jon "maddog" Hall|author-link=Jon Hall (programmer)|date=Jun 1, 2000|magazine=Linux Journal}}</ref> ; 1996: Support for the R4x00 processors in 64-bit mode is added by [[Silicon Graphics]] to the [[IRIX]] [[operating system]] in release 6.2. ; 1998: Sun releases [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]] 7, with full 64-bit [[UltraSPARC]] support. ; 2000: IBM releases [[z/OS]], a 64-bit operating system descended from [[MVS]], for the new [[zSeries]] 64-bit mainframes; 64-bit [[Linux on z Systems]] follows the CPU release almost immediately. ; 2001: Linux becomes the first OS kernel to fully support [[x86-64]] (on a simulator, as no x86-64 processors had been released yet).<ref>{{cite conference|title=Porting Linux to x86-64 |author=Andi Kleen |url=https://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2001/x86-64.pdf |quote=Status: The kernel, compiler, tool chain work. The kernel boots and work on simulator and is used for porting of userland and running programs |conference=Ottawa Linux Symposium 2001}}</ref> ; 2001: Microsoft releases [[Windows XP 64-Bit Edition]] for the [[Itanium]]'s IA-64 architecture; it could run [[32-bit application]]s through an execution layer.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} ; 2003: Apple releases its [[Mac OS X Panther|Mac OS X 10.3]] "Panther" operating system which adds support for native 64-bit integer arithmetic on [[PowerPC 970]] processors.<ref name="ars-macosx">{{cite web |title=Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard: the Ars Technica review |url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2009/08/mac-os-x-10-6.ars/5 |page=5 |author=John Siracusa |website=Ars Technica |date=September 2009 |access-date=2009-09-06 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091009161632/http://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2009/08/mac-os-x-10-6.ars/5 |archive-date= 9 October 2009 |url-status= live}}</ref> Several [[Linux]] [[Linux distribution|distributions]] release with support for [[AMD64]]. [[FreeBSD]] releases with support for AMD64. ; 2005: On January 4, Microsoft discontinues Windows XP 64-Bit Edition, as no PCs with IA-64 processors had been available since the previous September, and announces that it is developing x86-64 versions of Windows to replace it.<ref name="XPIA64-nixed">{{cite web|title=Microsoft nixes Windows XP for Itanium|date=5 January 2005|url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/98716/Microsoft_nixes_Windows_XP_for_Itanium?taxonomyId=125|author=Joris Evers|publisher=Computerworld|access-date=17 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618025711/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/98716/Microsoft_nixes_Windows_XP_for_Itanium?taxonomyId=125|archive-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On January 31, Sun releases [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris 10]] with support for AMD64 and EM64T processors. On April 29, Apple releases [[Mac OS X Tiger|Mac OS X 10.4]] "Tiger" which provides limited support for 64-bit command-line applications on machines with PowerPC 970 processors; later versions for Intel-based Macs supported 64-bit command-line applications on Macs with EM64T processors. On April 30, Microsoft releases [[Windows XP Professional x64 Edition]] and [[Windows Server 2003]] x64 Edition for AMD64 and EM64T processors.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://news.microsoft.com/2005/04/25/microsoft-raises-the-speed-limit-with-the-availability-of-64-bit-editions-of-windows-server-2003-and-windows-xp-professional/ |title=Microsoft Raises the Speed Limit with the Availability of 64-Bit Editions of Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP Professional |publisher=Microsoft |date=April 25, 2005 |access-date=September 10, 2015}}</ref> ; 2006: Microsoft releases [[Windows Vista]], including a 64-bit version for AMD64/EM64T processors that retains 32-bit compatibility. In the 64-bit version, all Windows applications and components are 64-bit, although many also have their 32-bit versions included for compatibility with [[plug-in (computing)|plug-in]]s.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} ; 2007: Apple releases [[Mac OS X Leopard|Mac OS X 10.5]] "Leopard", which fully supports 64-bit applications on machines with PowerPC 970 or EM64T processors.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} ; 2009: Microsoft releases [[Windows 7]], which, like Windows Vista, includes a full 64-bit version for AMD64/Intel 64 processors; most new computers are loaded by default with a 64-bit version. Microsoft also releases [[Windows Server 2008 R2]], which is the first 64-bit only server operating system. Apple releases [[Mac OS X Snow Leopard|Mac OS X 10.6]], "Snow Leopard", which ships with a 64-bit kernel for AMD64/Intel64 processors, although only certain recent models of Apple computers will run the 64-bit kernel by default. Most applications bundled with Mac OS X 10.6 are now also 64-bit.<ref name="ars-macosx"/> ; 2011: Apple releases [[Mac OS X Lion|Mac OS X 10.7]], "Lion", which runs the 64-bit kernel by default on supported machines. Older machines that are unable to run the 64-bit kernel run the 32-bit kernel, but, as with earlier releases, can still run 64-bit applications; Lion does not support machines with 32-bit processors. Nearly all applications bundled with Mac OS X 10.7 are now also 64-bit, including iTunes.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} ; 2012: Microsoft releases [[Windows 8]] which supports UEFI Class 3 ([[UEFI]] without CSM) and [[Secure Boot]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=UEFI on Dell BizClient Platforms|url=https://uefi.org/sites/default/files/resources/UEFI_on_Dell%20BizClient_Platforms.pdf}}</ref> Apple releases [[OS X Mountain Lion]], which makes the 64-bit kernel the default on some older previously unsupported machines and removes the 32-bit kernel. ; 2013: Apple releases [[iOS 7]], which, on machines with AArch64 processors, has a 64-bit kernel that supports 64-bit applications.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} ; 2014: Google releases [[Android Lollipop]], the first version of the [[Android (operating system)|Android]] operating system with support for 64-bit processors.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} ; 2017: Apple releases [[iOS 11]], supporting only machines with AArch64 processors. It has a 64-bit kernel that only supports 64-bit applications. 32-bit applications are no longer compatible.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} ; 2018: Apple releases [[watchOS 5]], the first watchOS version to bring the 64-bit support.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} ; 2019: Apple releases [[macOS Catalina|macOS 10.15]] "Catalina", dropping support for 32-bit Intel applications.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} ; 2021: Microsoft releases [[Windows 11]] on October 5, which only supports 64-bit systems, dropping support for IA-32 and AArch32 systems.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} ; 2022: Google releases the [[Pixel 7]], which drops support for 32-bit applications. Apple releases [[watchOS 9]], the first watchOS version to run exclusively on the Apple Watch models with 64-bit processors (including Apple Watch Series 4 or newer, [[Apple Watch|Apple Watch SE (1st generation)]] or newer and the newly introduced [[Apple Watch|Apple Watch Ultra]]), dropping support for [[Apple Watch|Apple Watch Series 3]] as the final Apple Watch model with 32-bit processor.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} ; 2024: Microsoft releases [[Windows 11, version 24H2|Windows 11 2024 Update]], ARM versions of which drop support for 32-bit ARM applications.
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