Editing ALGOL 60 (section)

==History==
ALGOL 60 was used mostly by research computer scientists in the United States and in Europe. Its use in commercial applications was hindered by the absence of standard [[input/output]] facilities in its description and the lack of interest in the language by large computer vendors. ALGOL 60 did however become the standard for the publication of algorithms and had a profound effect on future language development.

[[John Backus]] developed the [[Backus–Naur form|Backus normal form]] method of describing programming languages specifically for ALGOL 58. It was revised and expanded by [[Peter Naur]] for ALGOL 60, and at [[Donald Knuth]]'s suggestion renamed [[Backus–Naur form]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Knuth |first=Donald E. |author-link=Donald Knuth |title=Backus normal Form vs Backus Naur Form |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=735–6 |date=December 1964 |doi=10.1145/355588.365140 |s2cid=47537431|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Peter Naur: "As editor of the ALGOL Bulletin I was drawn into the international discussions of the language and was selected to be member of the European language design group in November 1959. In this capacity I was the editor of the ALGOL 60 report, produced as the result of the ALGOL 60 meeting in Paris in January 1960."<ref name="naur_acm">[http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1024454&srt=all&aw=140&ao=AMTURING&yr=2005 ACM Award Citation / Peter Naur], 2005</ref>

The following people attended the meeting in Paris (from January 11 to 16):
* [[Friedrich Ludwig Bauer]], [[Peter Naur]], [[Heinz Rutishauser]], [[Klaus Samelson]], [[Bernard Vauquois]], [[Adriaan van Wijngaarden]], and [[Michael Woodger]] (from Europe)
* [[John Warner Backus]], [[Julien Green (computer scientist)|Julien Green]], [[Charles Katz]], [[John McCarthy (computer scientist)|John McCarthy]], [[Alan Jay Perlis]], and [[Joseph Henry Wegstein]] (from the USA).
Alan Perlis gave a vivid description of the meeting: "The meetings were exhausting, interminable, and exhilarating. One became aggravated when one's good ideas were discarded along with the bad ones of others. Nevertheless, diligence persisted during the entire period. The chemistry of the 13 was excellent."

The language originally did not include [[recursion]]. It was inserted into the specification at the last minute, against the wishes of some of the committee.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vanemden.wordpress.com/2014/06/18/how-recursion-got-into-programming-a-comedy-of-errors-3/|title=How recursion got into programming: a tale of intrigue, betrayal, and advanced programming-language semantics|first=Maarten|last=van Emden|date=2014|series=''A Programmer's Place''}}</ref>

ALGOL 60 inspired many languages that followed it. [[Tony Hoare]] remarked: "Here is a language so far ahead of its time that it was not only an improvement on its predecessors but also on nearly all its successors."<ref>{{cite web |last=Hoare |first=C.A.R. |author-link=Tony Hoare |title=Hints on Programming Language Design |date=December 1973 |url=http://www.eecs.umich.edu/~bchandra/courses/papers/Hoare_Hints.pdf |page=27}} (This statement is sometimes erroneously attributed to [[Edsger W. Dijkstra]], also involved in implementing the first ALGOL 60 [[compiler]].)</ref><ref name="r3rs">{{cite web |last1=Abelson |first1=Hal |author1-link=Hal Abelson |last2=Dybvig |first2=R. K. |author2-link=R. Kent Dybvig |editor1-last=Rees |editor1-first=Jonathan |editor2-last=Clinger |editor2-first=William |title=Revised(3) Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme (Dedicated to the Memory of ALGOL 60)
|url=http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/ftpdir/scheme-reports/r3rs-html/r3rs_toc.html
|access-date=2009-10-20
|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

===ALGOL 60 implementations timeline===
To date there have been at least 70 augmentations, extensions, derivations and sublanguages of ALGOL 60.<ref>[http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=1807 The Encyclopedia of Computer Languages<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927014141/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=1807 |date=September 27, 2011}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
|-
!|Name
!|Year
!|Author
!|State
!|Description
!|Target CPU
|-
| X1 ALGOL 60 || August 1960<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.dijkstrascry.com/node/4
|title=Dijkstra's Rallying Cry for Generalization: the Advent of the Recursive Procedure, late 1950s – early 1960s
|last=Daylight |first=E. G.
|journal=[[The Computer Journal]]
|volume=54
|issue=11
|year=2011
|pages=1756–1772
|doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxr002
|url-access=subscription
}}</ref> || [[Edsger W. Dijkstra]] and [[:nl:Jaap Zonneveld|Jaap A. Zonneveld]] || {{flag|Netherlands}} || First implementation of ALGOL 60<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kruseman Aretz |first1=F.E.J. |chapter=The Dijkstra-Zonneveld ALGOL 60 compiler for the Electrologica X1 |title=Software Engineering |series=History of Computer Science |publisher=Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica |location=Amsterdam |date=30 June 2003 |issn=1386-3711 |chapter-url=http://www.cwi.nl/ftp/CWIreports/SEN/SEN-N0301.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040117172550/http://ftp.cwi.nl/CWIreports/SEN/SEN-N0301.pdf |archive-date=2004-01-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> || [[Electrologica X1]]
|-
| Algol || 1960<ref>[[Edgar T. Irons|Irons, Edgar T.]], A syntax directed compiler for ALGOL 60, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 4, p. 51. (Jan. 1961)</ref>|| Edgar T. Irons || {{flag|USA}} || ALGOL 60 || [[CDC 1604]] 
|-
| [[Burroughs Large Systems#ALGOL|Burroughs Algol]]<br/>(Several variants) || 1961 || [[Burroughs Corporation]] (with participation by [[Tony Hoare|Hoare]], [[Edsger W. Dijkstra|Dijkstra]], and others) || {{flag|USA}} || Basis of the [[Burroughs Corporation|Burroughs]] (and now [[Unisys]] [[Burroughs MCP|MCP]] based) computers || [[Burroughs Large Systems]]<br/>and midrange systems
|-
| [[Case ALGOL]] || 1961 || || {{flag|USA}} || [[Simula]] was originally contracted as a simulation extension of the Case ALGOL || [[UNIVAC 1107]]
|-
| [[GOGOL]] || 1961 || [[William M. McKeeman]] || {{flag|USA}} || For ODIN time-sharing system || [[PDP-1]]
|-
| [[DASK ALGOL]] || 1961 || [[Peter Naur]], [[Jørn Jensen]] || {{flag|Denmark}} || ALGOL 60 || DASK at Regnecentralen
|-
| [[SMIL ALGOL]] || 1962 || [[Torgil Ekman]], [[Carl-Erik Fröberg]] || {{flag|Sweden}} || ALGOL 60 || [[SMIL (computer)|SMIL]] at [[Lund University]]
|-
| [[GIER ALGOL]] || 1962 || [[Peter Naur]], [[Jørn Jensen]] || {{flag|Denmark}} || ALGOL 60 || GIER at Regnecentralen
|-
| [[Dartmouth ALGOL 30]]{{sfn|Kurtz|1978}} || 1962 || [[Thomas Eugene Kurtz]], [[Stephen J. Garland]], Robert F. Hargraves, [[Anthony W. Knapp]], [[Jorge LLacer]] || {{flag|USA}} || ALGOL 60 || [[LGP-30]]
|-
| Alcor Mainz 2002 || 1962 || Ursula Hill-Samelson, Hans Langmaack || {{flag|Germany}} || || Siemens 2002
|-
| ALCOR-Illinois 7090
|| 1962<br/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gries |first1=D. |last2=Paul |first2=M. |last3=Wiehle |first3=H. R |year=1965 |doi=10.1145/365474.365511 |title=Some techniques used in the ALCOR Illinois 7090 |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=496–500 |s2cid=18365024|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bayer |first1=R. |last2=Gries |first2=D. |last3=Paul |first3=M. |last4=Wiehle |first4=H. R. |year=1967 |title=The ALCOR Illinois 7090/7094 post mortem dump |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=804–808 |doi=10.1145/363848.363866 |s2cid=3783605 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
|| [[:de:Manfred Paul (Informatiker)|Manfred Paul]], Hans Rüdiger Wiehle, [[David Gries]], and [[Rudolf Bayer]]
|| {{flag|USA}}, {{flag|West Germany}}
|| ALGOL 60<br/>Implemented at [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign|Illinois]] and the [[Technical University of Munich|TH München]], 1962-1964
|| [[IBM 7090]]
|-
| [[USS 90 Algol]] || 1962 || [[L. Petrone]]<!-- ? --> || {{flag|Italy}} ||
|-
| [[Elliott ALGOL]] || 1962 || [[C. A. R. Hoare]] || {{flag|UK}} || Discussed in his 1980 [[Turing Award]] lecture|| [[Elliott 803]] & the Elliott 503
|-
| ALGOL 60 || 1962 || Roland Strobel<ref>[http://www.fv-tsd.de/index.php?id=42 Rechenautomaten mit Trommelspeicher], Förderverein der Technischen Sammlung Dresden</ref> || {{flag|East Germany}} || Implemented by the Institute for Applied Mathematics, [[German Academy of Sciences at Berlin]] || Zeiss-Rechenautomat ZRA 1
|-
|ALGOL 60
|1962
|[[Bernard Vauquois]], Louis Bolliet<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mounier-Kuhn |first=Pierre |date=2014 |title=Algol in France: From Universal Project to Embedded Culture |url=https://www.academia.edu/79159820 |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=6–25 |doi=10.1109/MAHC.2014.50 |issn=1058-6180}}</ref>
| {{flag|France}}
|Institut d'Informatique et Mathématiques Appliquées de Grenoble (IMAG) and Compagnie des Machines Bull
|[[Bull Gamma 60]]
|-
| Algol Translator || 1962 || G. van der Mey and [[Willem van der Poel|W.L. van der Poel]] || {{flag|Netherlands}} || Staatsbedrijf der Posterijen, Telegrafie en Telefonie || [[ZEBRA (computer)|ZEBRA]]
|-
| [[Kidsgrove Algol]] || 1963 || [[F. G. Duncan]]<!-- ? --> || {{flag|UK}} || || [[English Electric|English Electric Company]] [[English Electric KDF9|KDF9]]
|-
| SCALP{{sfn|Kurtz|1978|p=517}} || 1963 || [[Stephen J. Garland]], [[Anthony W. Knapp]], [[Thomas Eugene Kurtz]] || {{flag|USA}} || ''Self-Contained ALgol Processor'' for a subset of ALGOL 60 || [[LGP-30]]
|-
| [[VALGOL]] || 1963 || [[Val Schorre]] || {{flag|USA}} || A test of the [[META II]] compiler compiler
|-
| FP6000 Algol || 1963 || [[Roger Moore (computer scientist)|Roger Moore]] || {{flag|Canada}} || written for [[SaskPower|Saskatchewan Power Corp]] || [[Ferranti-Packard 6000|FP6000]] 
|-
| [[Whetstone (benchmark)|Whetstone]] || 1964 || [[Brian Randell]] and Lawford John Russell || {{flag|UK}} || Atomic Power Division of English Electric Company. Precursor to [[Ferranti Pegasus]], National Physical Laboratories [[Automatic Computing Engine|ACE]] and [[English Electric DEUCE]] implementations || English Electric Company [[English Electric KDF9|KDF9]]
|- 
| ALGOL 60 || 1964 || Jean-Claude Boussard<ref>{{cite thesis |title=Etude et réalisation d'un compilateur Algol60 sur calculateur éléctronique du type IBM 7090/94 et 7040/44 |trans-title=Design and implementation of a compiler Algol60 on electronic calculator IBM 7090/94 and 7040/44 |last=Boussard |first=Jean-Claude |date=June 1964 |publisher=Université Joseph-Fourier - Grenoble I |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009449| type=PhD |language=fr}}</ref> || {{flag|France}} || {{ill|Institut d'informatique et mathématiques appliquées de Grenoble|fr}} || [[IBM 7090]]
|-
| ALGOL-GENIUS || 1964 || Börje Langefors || {{flag|Sweden}} || Added [[COBOL]]-inspired data records and I/O || [[Datasaab]] D-21
|-
| ALGOL 60 || 1965 || {{ill|Claude Pair|fr}}<ref>{{cite conference| title=Description d'un compilateur ALGOL| author=Claude Pair| date=27 April 1965 |journal=European Région 1620 Users Group |publisher=IBM}}</ref> || {{flag|France}} || Centre de calcul de la Faculté des Sciences de Nancy || [[IBM 1620]]
|-
| Dartmouth ALGOL || 1965 || [[Stephen J. Garland]], Sarr Blumson, Ron Martin || {{flag|USA}} || ALGOL 60 || [[Dartmouth Time-Sharing System]] for the [[GE-200 series|GE 235]]
|-
| [[NU ALGOL]] || 1965 || || {{flag|Norway}} || || [[UNIVAC]]
|-
| ALGOL 60 || 1965<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kruseman Aretz |first1=F.E.J. |title=An Algol 60 compiler in Algol 60 |series=Mathematical Centre Tracts |publisher=Mathematisch Centrum |place=Amsterdam |date=1973}}</ref> || F.E.J. Kruseman Aretz || {{flag|Netherlands}} || MC compiler for the EL-X8 || [[Electrologica X8]]
|-
|ALGEK|| 1965 || || {{flag|USSR}} || [[Minsk family of computers|Minsk-22]] || АЛГЭК, based on ALGOL 60 and [[COBOL]] support, for economical tasks

|-
| [[MALGOL]] || 1966 || publ. A. Viil, M Kotli & M. Rakhendi, || {{flag|Estonian SSR}} || [[Minsk family of computers|Minsk-22]]
|-
| [[ALGAMS]] || 1967 || GAMS group (ГАМС, группа автоматизации программирования для машин среднего класса), cooperation of Comecon Academies of Science || [[Comecon]] || [[Minsk family of computers|Minsk-22]], later [[ES EVM]], [[BESM]]
|-
| [[ALGOL/ZAM]] || 1967 || || {{flag|Poland}} || || Polish [[ZAM (computer)|ZAM]] computer
|-
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20080722231533/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=7288&language=Chinese%20Algol Chinese Algol]|| 1972 || 
| {{flag|China}} || Chinese characters, expressed via the Symbol system
|-
| [[DG/L]] || 1972 || || {{flag|USA}} || || DG [[Data General Eclipse|Eclipse]] family of Computers
|-
|[http://www.bertnase.de/a60/ NASE]||1990||Erik Schoenfelder ||{{flag|Germany}}||Interpreter ||Linux and MS Windows
|- 
|[https://www.gnu.org/software/marst/ MARST] ||2000||Andrew Makhorin||{{flag|Russia}}||ALGOL 60 to C translator||All CPUs supported by the GNU Compiler Collection; MARST is part of the GNU project
|}

The Burroughs dialects included special system programming dialects such as [[Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language|ESPOL]] and [[NEWP]].