Editing AVUS (section)

==History==
{{More citations needed|section|date=January 2025}}
In 1907 the [[Automobilclub von Deutschland|Kaiserlicher Automobilclub]] (KAC) association devised a fee-financed circuit, as both a motor-sport venue and a testing track for the motor industry. A developing company was established in 1909; however, a lack of finances and official authorisations delayed the start of construction until spring 1913. During the [[World War I|Great War]] works discontinued, and though [[Imperial Russian Army|Russian Army]] [[prisoner of war|prisoners]] were temporarily employed in AVUS's construction, the track was still unfinished. From 1920 the remaining road work was financed by businessman and politician [[Hugo Stinnes]]. The circuit, including a gate building and several stands, was inaugurated during the first post-war [[Frankfurt Motor Show|International Automobile Exhibition]] (IAA) with a motor race on 24 September 1921. Afterwards the road was open to the public at a charge of ten [[German Papiermark|Marks]].

===Race track===
At the time of opening, AVUS was {{cvt|19.569|km|mi|abbr=on}} long – each straight being approximately half that length, and joined at each end by flat, large-radius curves, driven counter-clockwise.

While the [[Grand Prix motor racing]] scene still evaded German tracks, the circuit from 1922 was also the site of [[Motorcycle racing|motorcycle races]]. On 11 July 1926 the track played host to the first international [[German Grand Prix]] for sports cars, organised by the Automobilclub von Deutschland, the former KAC. The 1921 roadway turned out to be insufficient: Already, in practice two days before, the young Italian driver Enrico Platé (not to be confused with the Argentinian driver and team owner of the same name) was involved in a crash that killed his mechanic. During the race, in heavy rain, two track marshals died when [[Adolf Rosenberger]] lost control and hit the indicator board and the timekeeper's box, with a third employee succumbing to his injuries in hospital a few hours later. The Grand Prix was won by his fellow team-member, the so-far unknown [[Mercedes-Benz]] salesman [[Rudolf Caracciola]], from [[Remagen]], driving a private, eight-cylinder "Monza" [[Kompressor (Mercedes-Benz)|Kompressor]] type. The fastest lap of {{cvt|161|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} was set by [[Ferdinando Minoia]] in an [[Officine Meccaniche|OM]].

From 1927 the German Grand Prix was relocated to the new and more secure [[Nürburgring]] circuit in the Western German [[Eifel]] range, while the AVUS received a new [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]] surface and served as an experimental track for [[rocket car]]s.

On 23 May 1928 [[Fritz von Opel]] ("Rocket Fritz") achieved a speed record of {{convert|238|km/h|abbr=on}} in an [[Opel RAK2]].

Due to the [[Great Depression]] annual auto races were not resumed until 1931, when Caracciola again won in a [[Mercedes-Benz SSK]], succeeded by [[Manfred von Brauchitsch]] the next year after Caracciola had switched to [[Alfa Romeo]].

The competition on 22 May 1932 saw further notable participants like the [[Francis Curzon, 5th Earl Howe|Earl Howe]], [[Hans Stuck]] and Sir [[Malcolm Campbell]]. The [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]] driver, Prince George Christian of [[House of Lobkowicz|Lobkowicz]], died when his [[Bugatti Type 54]] crashed in the southern hairpin. The following events were won by [[Achille Varzi]] (1933) and [[Guy Moll]] (1934), to the great annoyance of the new [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] rulers, who declared the victory of German drivers and cars a matter of national pride. They strongly backed the construction of the new [[Silver Arrows]] (''Silberpfeile'') generation of Mercedes-Benz and [[Auto Union]].

In 1935 [[Luigi Fagioli]] won the race in a [[Mercedes-Benz W25]]; however, the track was no longer adequate for cars reaching average race speeds of far over {{convert|200|km/h|0|abbr=on}}. In an effort to make AVUS the "world's fastest race track", the 1936 season was skipped and while the track hosted the [[Cycling at the 1936 Summer Olympics|cycling]] road race, the marathon and 50&nbsp;km walk [[Athletics at the 1936 Summer Olympics|athletic]] events of the [[1936 Summer Olympics]], the north curve was turned into a steeply banked turn (43°) made of bricks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.goldenera.fi/gp3703.htm#15 |title=1937 Grand Prix Season – Part 2 |website=The Golden Era of Grand Prix Racing |access-date=2007-11-18 |archive-date=2014-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924134848/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp372.htm#15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It became dubbed the ''wall of death'', especially as it had no retaining barrier, so cars that missed the turn easily flew off it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.goldenera.fi/t2.htm |title=Tracks-Germany |website=The Golden Era of Grand Prix Racing |access-date=2007-11-18 |archive-date=2020-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108070630/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Silver Arrows raced only once on the banked version, in [[1937 Grand Prix season|1937]]. As the AVUS race did not count towards the championship, non-GP cars were allowed, which permitted the use of streamlined cars, similar to the cars used for high speed record attempts. This race was run in two heats; during qualifying for the second heat, Luigi Fagioli stuck his Auto Union Type C on pole position, with a time of 4 minutes and 8.2 seconds at an average speed of {{cvt|284.31|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} - which was the fastest motor racing lap in history until this time was bettered by [[Tony Bettenhausen]] in qualifying for the 1957 [[Race of Two Worlds]] at Monza. It was also bettered by four drivers during the 1971 Indianapolis 500. Mercedes driver [[Hermann Lang]]'s average race speed of about {{convert|276|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} was the fastest road race in history for nearly five decades, and was not matched on a high-speed banked-circuit until the mid-1980s at the 1986 Indianapolis 500.<ref>[http://racing-reference.info/race/1986_Indianapolis_500/UO#15 "1986 Indianapolis 500". racing-reference.info. Racing Reference.]</ref>

No major race was held after 1937 as, in early 1938, the popular German race driver [[Bernd Rosemeyer]] was killed in a land speed record attempt on a straight section of the Autobahn [[Frankfurt]]–[[Darmstadt]] (present-day [[Bundesautobahn 5]]), at which point the high-speed AVUS was considered too dangerous for the fast Grand Prix race cars. Furthermore, it was to be connected to the growing ''[[Reichsautobahn]]'' network in 1940 by extending it south towards the [[Bundesautobahn 10|Berliner Ring]], therefore the original hairpin at [[Nikolassee]] was demolished and replaced by a junction. A planned banked south turn was never built; the cleared grounds in the [[Grunewald forest]] were used as a proving ground ("Keerans Range") by the [[United States Army|American]] occupation forces after [[World War II]].

===Post-war===
The first AVUS race after the war was held on 1 July 1951 for [[Formula Two]] and [[Formula Three]] cars, won by [[East Germany|East German]] driver [[Paul Greifzu]]. For post-war racing, the original extremely long straights were shortened by the introduction of a new south turn roughly in the middle (just before the ''Hüttenweg'' exit, where it can still be seen), reducing the track length to {{cvt|8.300|km|mi|abbr=on}}. After World War II, the [[Berlin Wall]], with its [[Checkpoint Bravo]] at Dreilinden/Drewitz, came no closer than about one mile (1.6&nbsp;km) to the former South Turn. It is a common yet incorrect belief that the Berlin Wall cut the AVUS in half.

It was not until 19 September 1954 that this shorter track hosted a non-championship [[Formula One]] race. This "Grand Prix of Berlin" was mainly a show dominated by the [[Mercedes-Benz W196]] drivers [[Karl Kling]] (the winner) and [[Juan Manuel Fangio]]. No serious competition was present, as many teams had refused to show up and the German Grand Prix was still held on the Nürburgring. Finally AVUS hosted its only world championship Formula One race with the [[1959 German Grand Prix]] on 2 August, won by [[Tony Brooks (racing driver)|Tony Brooks]]. This race weekend also saw the death of French driver [[Jean Behra]] in a supporting sports car race, as his [[Porsche RSK]] flew over the top of the north turn banking, as there was no wall or fence. German driver and journalist [[Richard von Frankenberg]] had previously walked away from a similar spectacular crash at the same site, but Behra would have no such luck as his body impacted a flagpole head-first after he was flung from his car.

After 1961, Grand Prix racing did not race on banked circuits until [[2000 United States Grand Prix|2000]]. The banked sections at [[Monza Circuit|Autodromo Nazionale Monza]] and [[Autodrome de Linas-Montlhéry]] were considered dangerous by international racing standards. They were used in connection with [[chicane]]s for some time, then abandoned. Banking only returned to Formula One in 2000 when the series used a road course at the [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]]. The AVUS banking was dismantled in 1967 to give way to an expanded intersection under the Funkturm tower. From the top of this tower, one can see that the AVUS is not perfectly straight.

The old banked circuit can be seen in the film ''[[A Dandy in Aspic]]'' (1968) featuring period racing cars.

Racing was continued with a flat north turn, but AVUS only held national touring cars [[Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|DTM]] and [[Formula Three]] events. The length of the track was roughly cut in half twice in the 1980s and 1990 as racing on straights became unpopular. Also, [[chicane|chicanes]] were added to reduce entry speed into the North Curve. Yet, some incidents and accidents occurred. The BMW of [[Dieter Quester]] rolled over when exiting the last corner, and crossed the finish line sliding on its roof, with sparks flying, for a podium finish. The car of [[Louis Krages|John Winter]] hit a barrier and exploded into a fireball in North Curve, which he survived.

In 1995, the race 2 of DTM had to be cancelled, after a multi-car pileup blocked the circuit; later that September, British driver [[Kieth O'dor]] was killed in a Super Touring Car event when his car spun and was rammed sideways, with the impact on the driver's side.<ref>[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CC&s_site=contracostatimes&p_multi=CC&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=1063F97510EB4AE6&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM Search Results<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

===AVUS today===
After the fall of the Berlin wall, the closure of the AVUS for race events became increasingly problematic over traffic and associated environmental concerns. After the last races in 1998, a farewell event with veterans was held in 1999. Since 2000, the new [[EuroSpeedway Lausitz]] in [[Brandenburg]] is considered the replacement venue for competition.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}} The round race control tower at the north end still remains with its prominent [[Mercedes-Benz]] and [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] sponsorship insignia. It was used as a (now closed) public restaurant and motel. The old wooden grandstand is protected as a historic monument.