Editing Alice Hamilton (section)

==Education==
[[File:Alice Hamilton1.jpg|thumb|Hamilton in 1893 (age 24), her year of graduation from the University of Michigan Medical School|201x201px]]
[[File:Theodate Pope, Alice Hamilton, and a student believed to be Agnes Hamilton, 1888.jpg|alt=Theodate Pope, Alice Hamilton, and a student believed to be Agnes Hamilton, 1888. Courtesy of Miss Porter's School.|left|thumb|174x174px|[[Theodate Pope]], Alice Hamilton, and a student believed to be [[Agnes Hamilton]], 1888. Courtesy of Miss Porter's School.]]
Hamilton's parents homeschooled their children from an early age.<ref name=Weber31/> Following a family tradition among the Hamilton women, Alice completed her early education at Miss Porter's Finishing School for Young Ladies (also known as [[Miss Porter's School]]) in [[Farmington, Connecticut]], from 1886 to 1888. In addition to Alice, three of her aunts, three cousins, and all three of her sisters were alumnae of the school.<ref name=Letters15/><ref name=Landmark/><ref name=NAW303/>

Although Hamilton had led a privileged life in Fort Wayne, she aspired to provide some type of useful service to the world and chose medicine as a way to financially support herself.<ref name=Weber31/> Hamilton, who was an avid reader, also cited literary influence for inspiring her to become a physician, even though she had not yet received any training in the sciences: "I meant to be a medical missionary to [[Tehran|Teheran]], having been fascinated by the description of Persia in [[Edmund O'Donovan|[Edmond] O'Donovan's]] ''The Merv Oasis.'' I doubted if I could ever be good enough to be a real missionary, but if I could care for the sick, that would do instead."<ref>{{cite book|last=Sicherman|first= Barbara|chapter=Sense and Sensibility: A Case Study of Women's Victorian America|editor-first=Cathy N. |editor-last=Davidson |title=Reading in America: Literature and Social History|location=Baltimore, Maryland|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1989|page=213}}</ref>

After her return to Indiana from school in Connecticut, Hamilton studied science with a high school teacher in Fort Wayne and anatomy at Fort Wayne College of Medicine for a year before enrolling at the [[University of Michigan]] Medical School in 1892.<ref name="Landmark"/><ref name=Weber32>Weber, p. 32.</ref><ref name=NAW303/> 
There she had the opportunity of studying with "a remarkable group of men"<ref name="Dangerous"/> – [[John Jacob Abel]] (pharmacology), [[William Henry Howell]] (physiology), [[Frederick George Novy]] (bacteriology), [[Victor C. Vaughan]] (biochemistry) and [[George Dock]] (medicine). During her last year of study she served on Dr. Dock's staff, going on rounds, taking histories and doing clinical laboratory work.<ref name="Dangerous">{{cite book | first =Alice | last =Hamilton | title =Exploring the Dangerous Trades: The Autobiography of Alice Hamilton, M.D. | publisher =Northeastern University Press | year =1985 | location =Boston | pages =[https://archive.org/details/exploringdangero00hami/page/44 44–51] | url =https://archive.org/details/exploringdangero00hami/page/44 | isbn =0-930350-81-2 }}</ref>
Hamilton earned a medical degree from the university in 1893.<ref name=Jay148>{{cite book |first=Stephen J.|last= Jay|chapter=Alice Hamilton | editor1-first= Linda C. |editor1-last=Gugin |editor2-first= James E. |editor2-last=St. Clair | title =Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State | publisher =Indiana Historical Society Press| year =2015 | location =Indianapolis | page=148  | isbn =978-0-87195-387-2}}</ref>
[[File:Alice Hamilton in an anatomy class.jpg|alt=Alice Hamilton in an anatomy class, ca. 1893|left|thumb|Alice Hamilton in an anatomy class, ca. 1893]]
In 1893–94, after graduation from medical school, Hamilton completed internships at the Northwestern Hospital for Women and Children in Minneapolis and at the New England Hospital for Women and Children in [[Roxbury, Boston|Roxbury]], a suburban neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, to gain some clinical experience.<ref name="Landmark"/><ref name="windsor">{{cite book|first=Laura Lynn |last=Windsor|title=Women in Medicine: An Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/womenmedicineenc00wind |url-access=limited |year=2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, CA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womenmedicineenc00wind/page/n109 89]–91|isbn=9781576073926 }}</ref><ref name=Weber33>Weber, p. 33.</ref> Hamilton had already decided that she was not interested in establishing a medical practice and returned to the University of Michigan in February 1895 to study [[bacteriology]] as a resident graduate and lab assistant of Frederick George Novy.<ref name=NAW303/><ref name=Weber33/> She also began to develop an interest in public health.<ref name="windsor"/>

In the fall of 1895, Alice and her older sister, Edith, traveled to Germany. Alice planned to study bacteriology and pathology at the advice of her professors at Michigan, while Edith intended to study the classics and attend lectures.<ref>In 1894 Edith Hamilton, a fellow in Latin at [[Bryn Mawr College]], was awarded the Mary E. Garrett European Fellowship that provided the funds to enable the two sisters to pursue further studies abroad for an academic year. See Sicherman, ''Alice Hamilton, A Life in Letters'', pp. 89–90.</ref><ref name=Weber43>Weber, p. 43.</ref> The Hamilton sisters faced some opposition to their efforts to study abroad. Although Alice was welcomed in [[Frankfurt]], her requests to study in [[Berlin]] were rejected and she experienced some prejudice against women when the two sisters studied at universities in [[Munich]] and [[Leipzig]].<ref name="windsor"/><ref name=CHFBio>
{{cite web|title=Alice Hamilton|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/alice-hamilton|website=Science History Institute |access-date=March 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>Hamilton described their experiences in Germany in her autobiography. See {{cite book | first =Alice | last =Hamilton | title =Exploring the Dangerous Trades: The Autobiography of Alice Hamilton, M.D. | publisher =Northeastern University Press | year =1985 | location =Boston | pages =[https://archive.org/details/exploringdangero00hami/page/44 44–51] | url =https://archive.org/details/exploringdangero00hami/page/44 | isbn =0-930350-81-2 }} See also: {{cite book | first=Sandra L. |last=Singer | title =Adventures Abroad: North American Women at German-Speaking Universities, 1868–1915 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group  | year =2003 | location =Westport, Connecticut | pages =74–75 | isbn =9780313096860}}</ref>

When Alice returned to the United States in September 1896, she continued postgraduate studies for a year at the [[Johns Hopkins University]] Medical School. There she worked with [[Simon Flexner]] on pathological anatomy. She also had the opportunity to learn from [[William H. Welch]] and [[William Osler]].<ref name=Landmark/><ref name=NAW303/><ref name="Dangerous"/>
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