Editing Alternative DNS root (section)

==Implementations==
Some organizations provide alternative DNS root services, such as additional [[top-level domain]]s.

=== Handshake ===
''Handshake'' is a [[Decentralization|decentralized]] implementation of a [[DNS root zone]] using [[blockchain]] and [[cryptocurrency]] technology to create a [[peer-to-peer]] alternative to the 13 root name servers managed by [[ICANN]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Decentralized naming and certificate authority An experimental peer-to-peer root naming system|url=https://handshake.org/|access-date=2020-12-11|website=Handshake|language=en}}</ref>

Unlike other attempts, Handshake does not aim to replace the existing DNS; rather, it seeks to supplement and enhance it by allowing anyone to bid, register, and manage their own TLDs without an intermediate registrar or delegating authority. Since the [[root zone file]] records are not centrally managed, and instead are stored on a public blockchain, owners of Handshake TLDs can add or change top-level [[resource record]]s to delegate [[authoritative name server]]s and set up [[Domain Name System Security Extensions|DNSSEC]] zone signing directly.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The ambitious plan to reinvent how websites get their names|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/06/04/239039/the-ambitious-plan-to-make-the-internets-phone-book-more-trustworthy/|access-date=2020-12-08|website=MIT Technology Review|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A crypto project to make internet names censorship-proof is now live|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/02/07/844900/handshake-network-dns-live/|access-date=2020-12-08|website=MIT Technology Review|language=en}}</ref>

Existing TLDs are reserved in the Handshake blockchain such that resolving traditional domain names (i.e. zones under [[.com]], [[.org]], [[.net]], etc.) through a Handshake node or name server are directed back to ICANN's root servers. In addition, the top 100,000 most popular domains are reserved as Handshake TLDs which can be redeemed by the original domain owner.<ref name=":0" />

===Namecoin===
{{further|Namecoin}}
''Namecoin'' is a [[blockchain]] and [[cryptocurrency]] to support the alternative top-level domain .bit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bit.namecoin.org/|title=Dot-Bit: Secure Decentralized DNS|website=bit.namecoin.org|access-date=2017-01-17}}</ref>

===OpenNIC===
{{further|OpenNIC}}
OpenNIC is a user owned and controlled alternative to [[InterNIC]] and ICANN providing a non-national democratic alternative to traditional domain registries. OpenNIC servers are able to resolve all ICANN top-level domains, some OpenNIC original top-level domains, and the resolution of other Alternate DNS Roots with which they have reached peering agreements.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wiki.opennicproject.org/FAQ|title=What is OpenNIC?:OpenNIC Wiki|website=wiki.opennicproject.org|access-date=2017-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118054231/http://wiki.opennicproject.org/FAQ|archive-date=18 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wiki.opennicproject.org/PeerTLDs|title=OpenNIC Peers:OpenNIC Wiki|website=wiki.opennicproject.org|access-date=2017-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227052650/http://wiki.opennicproject.org/PeerTLDs|archive-date=27 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Yeti DNS Project===
Yeti DNS Project is an attempt to build an alternative root server dedicated to [[IPv6]]. Sponsored by a Chinese state agency, the project aims at experimenting with different new DNS-related technology and enabling sovereign countries to explore and control the internet and enhance their [[network sovereignty]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.internetgovernance.org/2016/04/07/alternate-dns-roots-and-the-abominable-snowman-of-sovereignty/|title=Alternate DNS roots and the abominable snowman of sovereignty|first1=Brenden|last1=Kuerbis|first2=Milton|last2=Mueller|date=7 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.c114.com.cn/579/a1035022.html|title=Yeti DNS Project:Building Autonomous & Controllable Internet Infrastructures From the Root Server - ICT\cn-c114 ¡ª C114 - China Communication Network|website=en.c114.com.cn}}</ref>

===.chn===
{{further|:zh:.chn}}
{{Expand Chinese|topic=tech|date=March 2020}}
.chn is a new top-level domain with its own root DNS server for an [[Internet of Things]] (IoT) network in China. The company developing this alternative root claims that China has its own intellectual right on this new alternative domain name root and the associated IoT network, and that it will become the second computer network in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Plj9R97cv4xlLipeKNPmeQ|title=意义重大！我国自主知识产权".chn"域名亮相|author=观察者网综合自央视网、科技日报、天涯论坛、人民网强国论坛等|date=2019-05-18|work=环球时报微信公众号|publisher=|accessdate=|language=|format=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518195555/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Plj9R97cv4xlLipeKNPmeQ|archive-date=2019-05-18|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.ifeng.com/c/7mll6Tsujsu|title=意义重大！中国自主知识产权".chn"域名亮相|author=|date=2019-05-18|work=凤凰网转载环球网|publisher=|accessdate=|language=|format=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518195814/https://news.ifeng.com/c/7mll6Tsujsu|archive-date=2019-05-18|url-status=live}}</ref> It is claimed to be part of a "[[IPv9 (China)|IPv9]]" decimal network/numeric domain name system developed and innovated in China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cwzg.cn/theory/201706/36655.html|title=牟承晋：关于IPV9的几个问题（修订版）_洞幽察微_察网|website=www.cwzg.cn|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-date=26 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626203737/http://www.cwzg.cn/theory/201706/36655.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Russian National Domain Name System===

The Russian National Domain Name System ({{langx|ru|НСДИ}}) is an alternative DNS root project started in 2019 by [[Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media|Roskomnadzor]], a government department,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://52.rkn.gov.ru/directions/p2363/p30512/|title=Об утверждении Положения о национальной системе доменных имен|website=rkn.gov.ru|access-date=3 March 2021|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225214720/https://52.rkn.gov.ru/directions/p2363/p30512/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is to gradually become mandatory for all ISPs in Russia. As of March 2021, servers are located on the [[Moscow Internet Exchange]]. The mission of the project is to provide an alternative DNS root for all users of the Internet within [[Russia]]. The main goal is to continue the functioning of the Russian Internet subnetwork in case of its disconnection from the rest of the Internet ([[Sovereign Internet Law]]).