Editing Amoco (section)

=== Standard Oil of Indiana ===
Standard Oil of Indiana was formed in 1889 by [[John D. Rockefeller]] as part of the [[Standard Oil]] [[Trust (monopoly)|Trust]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Piland |first1=Richard Newton |title=Sugar Creek |last2=Center |first2=Sugar Creek Historical |date=2010 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-0-7385-8412-6 |location=Charleston, SC |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref> The company's operations centered around the [[Whiting Refinery]] situated on [[Lake Michigan]], and first operational in 1890.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borgo |first=Anthony |date=2017-03-29 |title=Standard Oil |url=https://whiting.lib.in.us/standard-oil/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=Whiting Public Library |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schnurr |first=Ryan |date=2017-08-29 |title=A 'Toxic Tour' of the Whiting Refinery on the Shores of Lake Michigan - Belt Magazine |url=https://beltmag.com/toxic-tour-whiting-refinery-shores-lake-michigan/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=beltmag.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1910, with the increased usage of the [[automobile]], Indiana Standard decided to specialize in providing gasoline to consumers. In 1911, the year it became independent from the Standard Oil trust, the company sold 88% of the [[gasoline]] and [[kerosene]] sold in the [[Midwest]]. In 1912, it opened its first [[gasoline|gas]] [[filling station|service station]] in [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]].<ref name=":0" />

When the Standard Oil Trust was broken up in 1911,<ref name=":7" /> Indiana Standard was assigned marketing territory covering most of the Midwestern United States, including [[Indiana]], [[Michigan]], [[Illinois]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Minnesota]], [[North Dakota]], [[South Dakota]], [[Iowa]], [[Kansas]], and [[Missouri]]. It had the exclusive rights to use the Standard name in the region. Soon after, Indiana Standard scientist [[William Merriam Burton|William Burton]] pioneered a new way to process crude oil, called [[Cracking (chemistry)|thermal cracking]], which allowed the industry to produce more oil.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Yergin |first=Daniel |url=https://www.iwp.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/The-Prize-The-Epic-Quest-for-Oil-Money-and-Power-by-Daniel-Yergin.pdf |title=The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1991 |isbn=9780671502485 |location=New York, NY |pages=110–112; 237; 507–508}}</ref> The company licensed the process to 14 companies between 1914-1919, including former parent company Standard Oil of New Jersey.<ref name=":7" /> The company opened its Casper refinery in 1914.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Mast |first=Tom |date=March 1, 2015 |title=Refining Wyoming's Oil for 120 years {{!}} WyoHistory.org |url=https://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/refining-wyomings-oil-120-years |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=Wyoming Historical Society}}</ref>

In 1918, Indiana Standard named Colonel Robert W. Stewart as its first chairman.<ref name=":8" /> Under Stewart, it began investing in other oil companies outside its Standard marketing territory, beginning with the purchase of the Dixie Oil Company of Louisiana in 1919 and a one-third interest in Midwest Refining in 1920.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Olien |first1=Diana Davids |last2=Olien |first2=Roger M. |title=Running Out of Oil: Discourse and Public Policy, 1909-1929 |url=https://thebhc.org/sites/default/files/beh/BEHprint/v022n2/p0036-p0066.pdf |access-date=October 23, 2024 |website=The Business History Conference |publisher=The University of Texas-Permian Basin, Department of History}}</ref> By June 1921, Standard Oil owned 85% of Midwest’s stock.<ref name=":4" /> 

By 1922, the company also had facilities in Sugar Creek, Missouri; [[Wood River Refinery|Wood River]], Illinois; and Greybull, and Laramie in Wyoming.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 1922 |title=Standard Oil Company (Indiana) |url=https://indianamemory.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16066coll50/id/14603 |journal=Stanolind Record |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=2 |via=Indiana State Library}}</ref> The Casper facility was the largest volume gasoline refinery in the world by this time, turning 1.35 million barrels of crude oil per month into 615,000 barrels of gasoline.<ref name=":4" /> In the 1920s and 1930s, Indiana Standard opened up dozens more refining and oil-drilling facilities. Combined with a new oil-refining process, Indiana Standard created its exploration and production business, Stanolind, in 1931.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Percefull |first=Gary |date=1989-04-23 |title=Amoco Changes, But Retains Ties to Oil Capital |url=https://tulsaworld.com/archive/amoco-changes-but-retains-ties-to-oil-capital/article_1e8e45c2-d855-5170-8c3a-c747cefce729.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=Tulsa World |language=en}}</ref> In the following years, a period of intense exploration and search for oil-rich fields ensued; the company drilled over 1,000 wells in 1937 alone.