Editing Anger management (section)

==History==

The negative effects of anger have been observed throughout history. Advice for countering seemingly uncontrollable rage has been offered by ancient philosophers, pious men, and modern psychologists. In ''[[de Ira]],''<ref name="L.D.Reynolds, M.T.Griffin, E.Fantham">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&q=first+extant+copy+of+Seneca+de+beneficiis&pg=PA93|first1=L. D.|last1=Reynolds |first2=M. T.|last2=Griffin |first3=E. |last3=Fantham|title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary|publisher= Oxford University Press|date= 29 Mar 2012 |editor= S. Hornblower|editor2= A. Spawforth|editor3= E. Eidinow |isbn=978-0199545568| access-date=2015-03-15}}</ref> [[Seneca the Younger]] (4 BC – 65 AD) advised for pre-emptively guarding against confrontational situations, perspective taking, and not inciting anger in anger-prone individuals.<ref>Seneca, L. A. (1928). De ira [Anger]. In J. W. Basore (Ed. and Trans.), Seneca's moral essays (Vol. 1). London: Heinemann. (Original work written about 45)</ref> Other philosophers echoed Seneca with [[Galen]] recommending seeking out a mentor for aid in anger reduction.<ref>Galen, C. (1963). On the Passions and errors of the soul (P.W. Harkins, Trans.). Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press. (Original work written about 180)</ref> In the Middle Ages, the people would serve as both examples of self-control and mediators of anger-induced disputes.<ref name=":02">{{cite journal|author1=Kemp, S.|author-link2=Ken Strongman|author2=Strongman, K. T.|name-list-style=amp|year=1995|title=Anger theory and management: A historical analysis|journal=The American Journal of Psychology|volume=108|issue=3|pages=397–417|pmid=7573610|jstor=1422897|doi=10.2307/1422897}}</ref> Examples of intercession for the common people from the wrath of local rulers abound in hagiographies. The story of [[St. Francis of Assisi]] and the metaphorical Wolf of Gubbio is one famous instance.

In modern times, the concept of controlling anger has translated into anger management programs based on the research of psychologists. Classical psychotherapy based anger management interventions originated in the 1970s. Success in treating [[anxiety]] with [[cognitive behavioral therapy]] (CBT) interventions developed by Meichebaum inspired Novaco to modify the stress inoculation training to be suitable for anger management.<ref>{{cite book|author1-link=Donald Meichenbaum|author=Meichenbaum‚ D. H. |year=1975|title=Stress inoculation training|location=New York|publisher=Pergamon Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Novaco‚ R. W.|year=1975|title=Anger control: The development and evaluation of an experimental treatment|location=Lexington‚ MA|publisher=D.C. Health}}</ref> Stress and anger are sufficiently similar that such a modification was able to create a successful branch of treatment. Both stress and anger are caused by external stimuli, mediated by internal processing, and expressed in either adaptive or maladaptive forms. Meichebaum, and later Novaco, used each aspect of experiencing the relevant emotion as an opportunity for improvement to the patient's overall well-being.