Editing Apache (section)

== Name ==
Apaches first encountered European and African people, when they met [[conquistador]]s from the [[Spanish Empire]], and thus the term ''Apache'' has its roots in the Spanish language. The Spanish first used the term {{lang|es|Apachu de Nabajo}} (Navajo) in the 1620s, referring to people in the [[Rio Chama (Rio Grande)|Chama]] region east of the [[San Juan River (Colorado River)|San Juan River]]. By the 1640s, they applied the term to Southern Athabaskan peoples from the Chama on the east to the San Juan on the west. The ultimate origin is uncertain and lost to Spanish history.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

The first known written record in Spanish is by {{lang|es|[[Juan de Oñate]]|italic=no}} in 1598. The most widely accepted origin theory suggests ''Apache'' was borrowed and transliterated from the [[Zuni language|Zuni]] word {{lang|zun|ʔa·paču}} meaning "Navajos" (the plural of {{lang|zun|paču}} "Navajo").<ref group="note">Other Zuni words identifying specific Apache groups are {{lang|zun|wilacʔu·kʷe}} "White Mountain Apache" and {{lang|zun|čišše·kʷe}} "San Carlos Apache".</ref><ref name="de Reuse, p. 385">Stanley Newman. (1958). ''Zuni dictionary''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; Stanley Newman. (1965). ''Zuni grammar''. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. (Newman, pp. 32, 63, 65; de Reuse, p. 385)</ref> [[J. P. Harrington]] reports that {{lang|zun|čišše·kʷe}} can also be used to refer to the Apache in general.

Another theory suggests the term comes from [[Yavapai language|Yavapai]] {{lang|yuf|ʔpačə}} meaning "enemy".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mce.k12tn.net/indians/reports2/apache.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904152848/http://www.mce.k12tn.net/indians/reports2/apache.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-09-04|title=Johnson County Schools }}</ref> The Zuni and Yavapai sources are less certain because Oñate used the term before he had encountered any Zuni or Yavapai.<ref name="de Reuse, p. 385"/> A less likely origin may be from Spanish {{lang|es|mapache}}, meaning "raccoon".<ref name="de Reuse, p. 385"/>

Modern Apache people use the Spanish term to refer to themselves and tribal functions, and so does the US government. However, Apache language speakers also refer to themselves and their people in the Apache term {{lang|apa|Indé}} meaning "person" or "people". A related Southern Athabascan–speaking tribe, the Navajo, refer to themselves as the {{lang|nv|[[Diné]]}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hubbell Trading Post: Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.nps.gov/hutr/faqs.htm |website=National Park Service |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior |access-date=10 November 2018 |archive-date=10 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110120112/https://www.nps.gov/hutr/faqs.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The fame of the tribes' tenacity and fighting skills, probably bolstered by [[dime novel]]s, was widely known among Europeans. In early 20th century Parisian society, the word ''Apache'' was adopted into French, essentially meaning an outlaw.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/apache |title=apache |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=2018-08-20 |archive-date=2018-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817023403/https://www.etymonline.com/word/apache |url-status=live }}</ref>

The term ''Apachean'' includes the related [[Navajo people]].

=== Difficulties in naming ===
[[File:Kathy Kitcheyan.jpg|thumb|Kathy Kitcheyan, chairwoman of the [[San Carlos Apache]]]]
{{more citations needed section|date=October 2013}}

Many of the historical names of Apache groups that were recorded by non-Apache are difficult to match to modern-day tribes or their subgroups. Over the centuries, many Spanish, French and English-speaking authors did not differentiate between Apache and other semi-nomadic non-Apache peoples who might pass through the same area. Most commonly, Europeans learned to identify the tribes by translating their [[exonym]], what another group whom the Europeans encountered first called the Apache peoples. Europeans often did not learn what the peoples called themselves, their [[wikt:autonym|autonym]]s.

[[File:William S. Soule - Pacer.jpg|thumb|Essa-queta, [[Plains Apache]] chief]]

While anthropologists agree on some traditional major subgrouping of Apaches, they have often used different criteria to name finer divisions, and these do not always match modern Apache groupings. Some scholars do not consider groups residing in what is now Mexico to be Apache. In addition, an Apache individual has different ways of identification with a group, such as a band or clan, as well as the larger tribe or language grouping, which can add to the difficulties in an outsider comprehending the distinctions.

In 1900, the US government classified the members of the Apache tribe in the United States as [[Pinal Coyotero]], [[Jicarilla]], [[Mescalero]], [[San Carlos Apache|San Carlos]], [[Tonto Apache people|Tonto]], and [[White Mountain Apache people|White Mountain]] Apache. The different groups were located in Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma.

In the 1930s, the anthropologist [[Greenville Goodwin]] classified the Western Apache into five groups (based on his informants' views of dialect and cultural differences): White Mountain, Cibecue, San Carlos, North Tonto, and South Tonto. Since then, other anthropologists (e.g. [[Albert Schroeder]]) consider Goodwin's classification inconsistent with pre-reservation cultural divisions. [[Willem de Reuse]] finds linguistic evidence supporting only three major groupings: White Mountain, San Carlos, and Dilzhe'e (Tonto). He believes San Carlos is the most divergent dialect, and that Dilzhe'e is a remnant, intermediate member of a dialect continuum that previously spanned from the Western Apache language to the Navajo.

[[John Upton Terrell]] classifies the Apache into western and eastern groups. In the western group, he includes Toboso, Cholome,{{refn|Alternate spellings include: Chilome, Chocolome, Chokone, Cholame,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barnes |first1=Thomas C. |last2=Naylor |first2=Thomas H. |last3=Polzer |first3=Charles W. |title=Northern New Spain: A Research Guide |publisher=University of Arizona |url=https://open.uapress.arizona.edu/read/northern-new-spain-a-research-guide/section/1f21260b-5632-4c85-a79f-dde8198f2c5c |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510164203/https://open.uapress.arizona.edu/read/northern-new-spain-a-research-guide/section/1f21260b-5632-4c85-a79f-dde8198f2c5c |url-status=live }}</ref> Chalome, Zolome.<ref name="NPS">{{cite web |title=Amistad NRA: American Indian Tribal Affiliation Study (Phase 1) (Chapter 2) |url=http://npshistory.com/publications/amis/aspr-34/chap2.htm |website=npshistory.com |access-date=12 August 2024 |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811190606/http://npshistory.com/publications/amis/aspr-34/chap2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Jocome, Sibolo or Cibola, Pelone, Manso, and Kiva or Kofa. He includes Chicame (the earlier term for Hispanized [[Chicano]] or New Mexicans of Spanish/[[Hispanic]] and Apache descent) among them as having definite Apache connections or names which the Spanish associated with the Apache.

In a detailed study of New Mexico Catholic Church records, David M. Brugge identifies 15 tribal names that the Spanish used to refer to the Apache. These were drawn from records of about 1,000 baptisms from 1704 to 1862.<ref>{{cite book |author=Brugge, David M.| title= Navajos in the Catholic Church Records of New Mexico 1694–1875|year=1968 |publisher=Research Section, The Navajo Tribe |location= Window Rock, Arizona}}</ref>