Editing Apollo 13 (section)

== Astronauts and key Mission Control personnel ==
[[File:Apollo 13 Crew before launch - S70-34767.jpg|alt=see caption|thumb|Swigert, Lovell and Haise the day before launch]]
{{Spaceflight crew
|terminology = Astronaut
|position1 = Commander (CDR)
|crew1_up = [[Jim Lovell|James A. Lovell Jr.]]
|flights1_up = Fourth and last
|position2 = Command Module Pilot (CMP)
|crew2_up = [[Jack Swigert|John "Jack" L. Swigert Jr.]]
|flights2_up = Only
|position3 = Lunar Module Pilot (LMP)
|crew3_up = [[Fred Haise|Fred W. Haise Jr.]]
|flights3_up = Only
}}
Apollo&nbsp;13's mission commander, [[Jim Lovell]], was 42 years old at the time of the spaceflight. He was a graduate of the [[United States Naval Academy]] and had been a naval aviator and [[test pilot]] before being selected for the [[NASA Astronaut Group 2|second group of astronauts]] in 1962; he flew with [[Frank Borman]] in [[Gemini&nbsp;7]] in 1965 and Buzz Aldrin in [[Gemini&nbsp;12]] the following year before flying in [[Apollo 8]] in 1968, the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon.{{sfn|Apollo 13 Press Kit|1970|pp=108–109}} At the time of Apollo 13, Lovell was the NASA astronaut with the most time in space, with 572 hours over the three missions.<ref name = "experience" >{{cite web|title=Apollo 13: The moon-mission that dodged disaster|first1=Elizabeth|last1=Howell|first2=Kimberly|last2=Hickok|url=https://www.space.com/17250-apollo-13-facts.html|website=Space.com|publisher=Future US|date=March 31, 2020|access-date=April 1, 2020}}</ref>

[[Jack Swigert]], the command module pilot (CMP), was 38&nbsp;years old and held a [[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]] in mechanical engineering and an [[Master of Science|M.S.]] in aerospace science; he had served in the Air Force and in state [[Air National Guard]]s and was an engineering test pilot before being selected for the [[NASA Astronaut Group 5|fifth group of astronauts]] in 1966.<ref name = "swigert bio" /> [[Fred Haise]], the Lunar Module pilot (LMP), was 36 years old. He held a B.S. in aeronautical engineering, had been a [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] fighter pilot, and was a civilian research pilot for NASA when he was selected as a Group{{nbsp}}5 astronaut.{{sfn|Apollo 13 Press Kit|1970|pp=111–112}}{{sfn|Chaikin|1995|pp=589–593}}

According to the standard Apollo crew rotation, the prime crew for Apollo&nbsp;13 would have been the backup crew{{NoteTag|The role of the backup crew was to train and be prepared to fly in the event something happened to the prime crew.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=NASA|access-date=December 5, 2019|title=50 years ago: NASA names Apollo 11 crew|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/50-years-ago-nasa-names-apollo-11-crew|date=January 30, 2019}}</ref> Backup crews, according to the rotation, were assigned as the prime crew three missions after their assignment as backups.{{sfn|Slayton & Cassutt|1994|p=137}}}} for [[Apollo 10]], with Mercury and Gemini veteran [[Gordon Cooper]] in command, [[Donn F. Eisele]] as CMP and [[Edgar Mitchell]] as LMP. [[Deke Slayton]], NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations, never intended to rotate Cooper and Eisele to a prime crew assignment, as both were out of favor{{snd}}Cooper for his lax attitude towards training, and Eisele for incidents aboard [[Apollo 7|Apollo{{nbsp}}7]] and an extramarital affair. He assigned them to the backup crew because no other veteran astronauts were available.{{sfn|Slayton & Cassutt|1994|p=236}} Slayton's original choices for Apollo&nbsp;13 were [[Alan Shepard]] as commander, [[Stuart Roosa]] as CMP, and Mitchell as LMP. However, management felt Shepard needed more training time, as he had only recently resumed active status after surgery for an [[Ménière's disease|inner ear disorder]] and had not flown since 1961. Thus, Lovell's crew (himself, Haise and [[Ken Mattingly]]), having all backed up Apollo 11 and being slated for [[Apollo 14]], was swapped with Shepard's.{{sfn|Slayton & Cassutt|1994|p=236}}

Swigert was originally CMP of Apollo&nbsp;13's backup crew, with [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]] as commander and [[Charles Duke]] as lunar module pilot.<ref name="backup">{{cite web|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/landing-missions/apollo13-crew.cfm|title=Apollo 13 Crew|website=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum|access-date=January 6, 2018|archive-date=October 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024155252/https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/landing-missions/apollo13-crew.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Seven days before launch, Duke contracted [[rubella]] from his son's friend.<ref name="Oral">{{cite web |title=Charles M. Duke, Jr. Oral History  |publisher= NASA |url=https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/DukeCM/DukeCM_3-12-99.htm |access-date=December 17, 2019}}</ref> This exposed both the prime and backup crews, who trained together. Of the five, only Mattingly was not immune through prior exposure. Normally, if any member of the prime crew had to be grounded, the remaining crew would be replaced as well, and the backup crew substituted, but Duke's illness ruled this out,{{sfn|NASA 1970|p=6}} so two days before launch, Mattingly was replaced by Swigert.<ref name = "swigert bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/swigert-jl.html|access-date=August 21, 2009|title=Astronaut Bio: John L. Swigert|date=January 1983|publisher=NASA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731012402/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/swigert-jl.html|archive-date=July 31, 2009| url-status=dead}}</ref> Mattingly never developed rubella and later flew on [[Apollo 16]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.universetoday.com/62576/13-things-that-saved-apollo-13-part-3-charlie-dukes-measles/|last=Atkinson|first=Nancy|title=13 things that saved Apollo 13, Part 3: Charlie Duke's measles|date=April 12, 2010|access-date=November 13, 2019|journal=[[Universe Today]]}}</ref>

For Apollo, a third crew of astronauts, known as the support crew, was designated in addition to the prime and backup crews used on projects Mercury and Gemini. Slayton created the support crews because [[James McDivitt]], who would command [[Apollo 9]], believed that, with preparation going on in facilities across the US, meetings that needed a member of the flight crew would be missed. Support crew members were to assist as directed by the mission commander.{{sfn|Slayton & Cassutt|1994|p=184}} Usually low in seniority, they assembled the mission's rules, [[flight plan]], and checklists, and kept them updated;<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hersch|first=Matthew|date=July 19, 2009|title=The fourth crewmember|journal=[[Air & Space/Smithsonian]]|access-date=October 4, 2019|url=https://www.airspacemag.com/space/the-fourth-crewmember-37046329/}}</ref>{{sfn|Brooks, Grimwood, & Swenson|1979|p=261}} for Apollo&nbsp;13, they were [[Vance D. Brand]], [[Jack Lousma]] and either [[William Pogue]] or [[Joseph P. Kerwin|Joseph Kerwin]].{{NoteTag|Some sources list Kerwin{{sfn|Slayton & Cassutt|1994|p=251}} and others list Pogue as the third member{{sfn|Brooks, Grimwood, & Swenson|1979|p=378}}{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=137}}<ref>{{cite interview|url=https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/PogueWR/WRP_7-17-2000.pdf|interviewer=Kevin M. Rusnak|date=July 17, 2000|location=Houston, Texas|title=Oral History Transcript|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501104039/https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/PogueWR/WRP_7-17-2000.pdf|archive-date=May 1, 2019|url-status=dead|publisher=NASA|pages=12-25-12-26|series=Johnson Space Center Oral History Project}}</ref>}}<ref name = "support crew">{{cite press release|title=MSC 69–56|publisher=[[NASA]]|date=August 6, 1969|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/83121main_1969.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/83121main_1969.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live | access-date = July 27, 2019|location=Houston, Texas}}</ref>

For Apollo&nbsp;13, flight directors were [[Gene Kranz]], White team{{sfn|Mission Operations Report 1970|p=I-1}} (the lead flight director);{{sfn|Kranz|2000|p=307}}{{sfn|Lovell & Kluger|2000|p=79}} [[Glynn Lunney]], Black team; [[Milton Windler]], Maroon team and [[Gerald D. Griffin|Gerry Griffin]], Gold team.{{sfn|Mission Operations Report 1970|p=I-1}} The [[Flight controller#CAPCOM|CAPCOMs]] (the person in Mission Control, during the Apollo program an astronaut, who was responsible for voice communications with the crew){{sfn|Morgan|2001|p=48}} for Apollo&nbsp;13 were Kerwin, Brand, Lousma, Young and Mattingly.{{sfn|Orloff & Harland|2006|p=362}}