Editing Arcade (architecture) (section)

==Shopping arcades==

[[File:Metz - Place Saint-Louis -622.jpg|thumb|Arcade with shops behind, running along a row of originally [[High Middle Ages|High Medieval]] houses in [[Metz]], [[France]].]]
[[File:Firenze, loggia del Mercato Nuovo (03).jpg|thumb|[[Loggia del Mercato Nuovo]], Florence, Italy]]
[[File:Adelaide Arcade, Sweet 1886.jpg|thumb|[[Adelaide Arcade]] in [[Adelaide, South Australia]], {{Circa|1886}}.]]
[[File:Carpet Bazaar of Tabriz.JPG|thumb|Mozaffarieh: [[Tabriz Bazaar]], [[Iran]], devoted to carpet selling.]]
[[File:Tunesien1983-21 hg.jpg|thumb|Dome-topped arcade in a Tunesian [[souq]]]]
[[File:(1)_The_Strand_(b).JPG|thumb|''The Strand Arcade'' in [[Sydney CBD]], Australia, opened 1892]]
[[File:Mellin-Passage Hamburg.jpg|thumb|The Mellin-Passage shopping arcade [[Neuer Wall]] street in Hamburg, Germany]]

The French architect, Bertrand Lemoine, described the period, 1786 to 1935, as ''l’Ère des passages couverts'' (the Arcade Era).<ref>Lemoine, B., ''Les Passages Couverts'', Paris: Délégation à l'action artistique de la ville de Paris [AAVP], 1990. {{ISBN|9782905118219}}.</ref> He was referring to the grand shopping "arcades" that flourished across Europe during that period. A shopping arcade refers to a multiple-vendor space, operating under a covered roof. Typically, the roof was constructed of glass to allow for natural light and to reduce the need for candles or electric lighting.<ref name="auto">Mitchell, I., ''Tradition and Innovation in English Retailing, 1700 to 1850,'' Routledge, Oxon, p. 140</ref> The 18th and 19th century arcades were designed to attract the genteel middle classes. In time, these arcades came to be the place to shop and to be seen. Arcades offered shoppers the promise of an enclosed space away from the chaos that characterised the noisy, dirty streets; a warm, dry space away from the harsh elements, and a safe haven where people could socialise and spend their leisure time. As thousands of glass covered arcades spread across Europe, they became grander and more ornately decorated. By the mid-nineteenth century, they had become prominent centres of fashion and social life. Promenading in these arcades became a popular nineteenth-century pastime for the emerging middle classes.<ref>Byrne-Paquet, L., ''The Urge to Splurge: A Social History of Shopping,'' ECW Press, Toronto, Canada, pp. 92–95</ref>

The inspiration for the grand shopping arcades may have derived from the fashionable open [[loggia]]s of Florence however medieval vernacular examples known as 'butterwalks' were traditional jettied [[colonnades]] in British and North European marketplaces; examples remain for example in [[Totnes]] and [[Dartmouth, Devon|Dartmouth]] in [[Devon]]. During the 16th-century, a pattern of market trading using mobile stalls under covered arcades was established in Florence, from where it spread throughout Italy. Examples of the earliest open [[loggia]]s include: [[Loggia del Mercato Nuovo|Mercato Nuovo]] (1547) by Giovanni Battista del Tasso (and funded by the [[House of Medici|Medici family]]); Mercato Vecchio, Florence by [[Giorgio Vasari]] (1567) and [[Loggia del Grano, Florence|Loggia del Grano]] (1619) by [[Giulio Parigi]].<ref>Pevsner, N., ''A History of Building Types,'' Princeton University Press, 1979, p. 235; Goy, R.J., ''Florence: A Walking Guide to Its Architecture,'' Yale University Press, 2015; Codini, E.K. (ed), ''Architettura a Pisa nel Primo Periodo Mediceo, Gangemi, 2003, p.213''</ref>

Arcades soon spread across Europe, North America and the antipodes. Examples of these grand shopping arcades include: [[Palais Royal]] in Paris (opened in 1784); Passage de Feydeau in Paris (opened in 1791); London's [[Piccadilly Arcade]] (1810) and Milan's [[Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II|Galleria Vittorio Emanuele]] (1878).<ref>Sassatelli, R., ''Consumer Culture: History, Theory and Politics,'' Sage, 2007, p. 27; Although the author specifically names Piccadilly Arcade, it is possible that she intended [[Burlington Arcade]] in Piccadilly.</ref> Some examples of arcades in North America include New York's [[Paddock Arcade]] (1850), Ohio's [[Dayton Arcade]] (1904),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arcade.daytonhistoryproject.org/sample-page/|title=Part 1: 1880-1913|date=2019-02-22|website=arcade|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-26}}</ref> and Rhode Island's [[Westminster Arcade]] (1828). Other notable nineteenth century grand arcades include the [[Galeries Royales Saint-Hubert]] in Brussels which was inaugurated in 1847 and Istanbul's [[Çiçek Pasajı]] opened in 1870. Shopping arcades were the precursor to the modern [[shopping mall]], and the word "arcade" is now often used for malls which do not use the architectural form at all.{{Cn|date=July 2021}}

The [[Palais-Royal]], which opened in 1784 and became one of the most important marketplaces in Paris, is generally regarded as the earliest example of the grand shopping arcades.<ref name="auto"/> Originally, a royal palace, the complex consisted of gardens, shops and entertainment venues situated under the original colonnades. The area boasted some 145 boutiques, cafés, salons, hair salons, bookshops, museums, and numerous refreshment kiosks as well as two theatres. The retail outlets specialised in [[luxury goods]] such as fine jewellery, furs, paintings and furniture designed to appeal to the wealthy elite. Retailers operating out of the Palais complex were among the first in Europe to abandon the system of bartering, and adopt fixed-prices thereby sparing their clientele the hassle of bartering. Stores were fitted with long glass exterior windows which allowed the emerging middle-classes to window shop and indulge in fantasies, even when they may not have been able to afford the high retail prices. Thus, the Palais-Royal became one of the first examples of a new style of shopping arcade, frequented by both the aristocracy and the middle classes. It developed a reputation as being a site of sophisticated conversation, revolving around the salons, cafés, and bookshops, but also became a place frequented by off-duty soldiers and was a favourite haunt of prostitutes, many of whom rented apartments in the building.<ref>Byrne-Paquet, L., ''The Urge to Splurge: A Social History of Shopping,'' ECW Press, Toronto, Canada, pp. 90–93</ref>

One of the earliest British examples of a shopping arcade, the [[Covered Market, Oxford]], England was officially opened on 1 November 1774 and is still active today.  The Covered Market was started in response to a general wish to clear "untidy, messy and unsavoury stalls" from the main streets of central Oxford. [[John Gwynn (architect)|John Gwynn]], the architect of [[Magdalen Bridge]], drew up the plans and designed the High Street front with its four entrances. In 1772, the newly formed Market committee, half of whose members came from the town and half from the university, accepted an estimate of nine hundred and sixteen pounds ten shillings, for the building of twenty butchers' shops. Twenty more soon followed, and after 1773 meat was allowed to be sold only inside the market. From this nucleus the market grew, with stalls for garden produce, pig meat, dairy products and fish.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}

[[Great Gostiny Dvor|Gostiny Dvor]] in [[St Petersburg]], [[Russia]] is another early shopping arcade and remains the largest [[shopping center]] in the city. Gostiny Dvor translates into ''Merchants' Arcade''.<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Richard Stites|title=Serfdom, Society, and the Arts in Imperial Russia: The Pleasure and the Power|date=2008|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300137576|page=15}}</ref> Building commenced in 1757 to an elaborate design by [[Bartolomeo Rastrelli]], but that subsequently was discarded in favour of a less expensive and more functional [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] design submitted by [[Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe]] (1729–1800).{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} Throughout the following century, Gostiny Dvor was augmented, resulting in ten indoor streets and as many as 178 shops by the 20th century. During the post-[[World War II]] reconstructions, its inner walls were demolished and a huge shopping mall came into being. This massive 18th-century structure got a face-lift recently and entered the 21st century as one of the most fashionable shopping centres in [[Eastern Europe]].<ref>Bogdanov, I.A. , ''Bolshoi Gostiny dvor v Peterburge''. SPb, 2001</ref>

An early French arcade is the Passage du Caire created in 1798 as a tribute to the [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria]]. It was appreciated by the public for its protection from the weather, noise and filth of the streets.<ref>p. 174 Desmons, Gilles ''Walking Paris'' New Holland Publishers, 2008</ref> A year later American architect William Thayer created the [[Passage des Panoramas]] with a row of shops passing between two [[panorama]] paintings. Shopping arcades increasingly were built in the second [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]].<ref>p. 386 Ayers, Andrew  ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide'' Edition Axel Menges, 2004</ref> Upper levels of arcades often contained apartments<ref>p. 32 Benjamin, Walter & Tiedemann, Rolf ''The Arcades Project'' Harvard University Press, 1999</ref> and sometimes [[brothel]]s.<ref>p. 88 Rabaté, Jean-Michel ''Given: 10 Art 20 Crime : Modernity, Murder and Mass Culture'' Sussex Academic Press, 2007</ref>