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Archaeological science
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=== Dating techniques === Archaeological science has particular value when it can provide absolute dates for archaeological [[stratum|strata]] and [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]]. Some of the most important [[Dating methodologies in archaeology|dating]] techniques include: * [[radiocarbon dating]] β especially for dating organic materials * [[dendrochronology]] β for dating trees; also very important for calibrating radiocarbon dates * [[thermoluminescence dating]] β for dating inorganic material (including ceramics) * [[optically stimulated luminescence]] (OSL) β for absolutely dating and relatively profiling buried land-surfaces in vertical and horizontal stratigraphic sections, most often by measuring photons discharged from grains of [[quartz]] within sedimentary bodies (although this technique can also measure [[potassium feldspar]]s, complications caused by internally induced dose-rates often favor the use of quartz-based analyzes in archaeological applications) * [[electron spin resonance]], as used (for example) in dating teeth * [[potassium-argon dating]] β for dating (for example) fossilized [[Hominidae|hominid]] remains by association with volcanic sediments (the fossils themselves are not directly dated)
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