Editing Atomic force microscopy (section)

===Abilities and spatial resolution===
[[File:Atomic Force Microscope.ogv|thumb|Atomic Force Microscope]]
The AFM has three major abilities: force measurement, topographic imaging, and manipulation.

In force measurement, AFMs can be used to measure the forces between the probe and the sample as a function of their mutual separation. This can be applied to perform [[force spectroscopy]], to measure the mechanical properties of the sample, such as the sample's [[Young's modulus]], a measure of stiffness.

For imaging, the reaction of the probe to the forces that the sample imposes on it can be used to form an image of the three-dimensional shape (topography) of a sample surface at a high resolution. This is achieved by [[raster scan]]ning the position of the sample with respect to the tip and recording the height of the probe that corresponds to a constant probe-sample interaction {{xref|(see {{section link||Topographic image}} for more)}}. The surface topography is commonly displayed as a [[pseudocolor]] plot.

Although the initial publication about atomic force microscopy by Binnig, Quate and Gerber in 1986 speculated about the possibility of achieving atomic resolution, profound experimental challenges needed to be overcome before atomic resolution of defects and step edges in ambient (liquid) conditions was demonstrated in 1993 by Ohnesorge and Binnig.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ohnesorge|first=Frank|title=True atomic resolution by atomic force microscopy through repulsive and attractive forces|journal=Science|date=4 June 1993|volume=260|issue=5113|pages=1451–6|doi=10.1126/science.260.5113.1451|pmid=17739801|bibcode=1993Sci...260.1451O|s2cid=27528518}}</ref> True atomic resolution of the silicon 7x7 surface had to wait a little longer before it was shown by Giessibl.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Giessibl|first=Franz|title=Atomic Resolution of the Silicon (111)-(7x7) Surface by Atomic Force Microscopy|journal=Science|date=6 January 1995|volume=267|issue=5194|pages=68–71|doi=10.1126/science.267.5194.68|pmid=17840059|bibcode=1995Sci...267...68G |s2cid=20978364|url=https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/33828/1/Atomic%20Resolution%20of%20the%20Silicon%20%28111%29-%287x7%29%20Surface%20by.pdf}}</ref> Subatomic resolution (i.e. the ability to resolve structural details within the electron density of a single atom) has also been achieved by AFM. 

In manipulation, the forces between tip and sample can also be used to change the properties of the sample in a controlled way. Examples of this include atomic manipulation, [[scanning probe lithography]] and local stimulation of cells.

Simultaneous with the acquisition of topographical images, other properties of the sample can be measured locally and displayed as an image, often with similarly high resolution. Examples of such properties are mechanical properties like stiffness or adhesion strength and electrical properties such as conductivity or surface potential.<ref>{{cite video|title=Atomic Force Microscopy for electrical characterization |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8ZvU0vZsYE |work=www.youtube.com/user/MINATEC}}</ref> In fact, the majority of SPM  techniques are extensions of AFM that use this modality.<ref>{{cite news |title=Atomic Force Microscopy Research involving the study of Neglected Tropical Diseases |url=https://www.afmworkshop.com/newsletter/269-atomic-force-microscopy-research-involving-the-study-of-neglected-tropical-diseases |work=www.afmworkshop.com}}</ref>